ADVANCE PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM PRACTICE LATEST UPDATE UPDATED

Routes of Administration - ANS-Patches, Suppositories, Sublingual tablets, Tablets,
Liquid, Injectables, Sublingual, Nasogastric, Elixir (contains alcohol)
Parenteral Routes - ANS-intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous
Anti-diarrheals - ANS-Stops further occurrence of diarrhea. Notable medicines are
Loperamide "Immodium" and Diphenoxylate with Atropine "Lomotil" Bismuth
subsalicylate
Diphenoxylate HCl w/ Atropine Sulfate - ANS-The submucosal plexus controls the
secretions of fluid and electrolytes in the lumen of the intestine. By acting on the
presynaptic opioid receptors, it blocks the release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
and hence inhibits the motility and secretory action of the enteric nervous system.
Loperamide - ANS-acts by slowing intestinal motility and by affecting water and
electrolyte movement through the bowel by binding to the opiate receptor in the gut wall
Bismuth Subsalicylate - ANS-The reduction in prostaglandin formation, as it inhibits
cyclooxygenase. Prostaglandin induces inflammation and hypermotility. The stimulation
of reabsorption of fluids, sodium, and chloride
Laxatives - ANS-Four main categories: Bulk, Stimulant, Osmotic, Stool Softener
enhancement of fluid retention by hydrophilic or osmotic mechanisms, decreasing net
absorption of fluid through effects on the fluid and electrolyte transport in the small or
large intestines, and finally an alteration of motility by inhibiting non propulsive
contractions or stimulating propulsive contractions
Antiemetics - ANS-block serotonin from interacting with the 5-HT3 receptor. Of these,
ondansetron and granisetron are the most frequently encountered. Intravenous (IV) and
oral (PO) preparations are available. Side effects include headache, dizziness, and
constipation
Treats nausea and vomiting
Ulcers - ANS-Open sores in the lining of the digestive system
Drugs to treat ulcers - ANS-omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole
(Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium) and pantoprazole (Protonix)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome - ANS-a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms
that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or
diarrhea