What is a joint? ANS It's the junction where two bones meet and allow movement. What non-contractile structure attaches muscle to the bones? ANS A tendon How do muscles cause bones to move? ANS The muscle contraction will pull on the bones. What are the 3 types of joints ANS fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial What is found in synovial joints ANS ligaments, articular cartilage, joint capsule (Shock absorber), synovial membrane (decrease friction) What are the components of a joint? ANS Bones Cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Ligaments Other structure (meniscus, bursa, labrum) What are synarthroses joints? ANS They are fibrous/fixed and do not allow movement (ex skull) List examples of joint types ANS Synarthroses (fixed) Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous) Diarthroses (Synovial) What are amphiarthroses joints? ANS They are cartilaginous joints (ex. in-between vertebrae) What are diarthroses joints? ANS They are synovial joints (ex. the hip joint) Types of synovial joints ANS Plane Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball and socket Ellipsoid example of plane joint ANS intercarpal and intertarsal joints Example of saddle synovial joint ANS thumb example of hinge synovial joint ANS elbow and knee Example of pivot synovial joint ANS atlas and axis, radius and ulna example of ball and socket synovial joint ANS shoulder and hip example of ellipsoid joint ANS wrist What is the frontal plane? ANS It divides the body front and back What is the sagittal plane? ANS It divides the body into left and right What is the transverse plane? ANS It divides the body into top and bottom What is the anteroposterior axis? ANS Movement occurs in the frontal plane (adduction, abduction) What is the transverse axis? ANS Movement occurs in the sagittal plane (flexion, extension) What is the vertical axis? ANS Movement occurs in the transverse plane (rotations) What are degrees of freedom? ANS Description of movements a joint can produce around one axis. Uniaxial ANS Only one degree of freedom: flexion/extension of elbow Biaxial ANS Two degrees of freedom: flexion/extension; ulnar/radial deviation of the wrist Multiaxial ANS more than 3 degrees of freedom: flexion/extension; abduction/adduction; internal/external Ex) rotation of the shoulder What is a joint's ROM formed from? ANS Physiological and accessory mvmts What are physiological movements? ANS Movements performed under voluntary control or by an external force passively within the range of the joint (Flexion, extension rotation) What are accessory movements? ANS Movements that cannot be performed actively but can be performed on that person by an external force Accessory movements of a joint ANS Spin, Roll, Glide ANS What is the purpose of accessory movements? ANS They increase movement at the joint and increase congruency. What is a closed-pack position? ANS Position of maximum congruency of the articular surface where ligaments and capsule are taut. This position has maximum stability of the joint. What is loose-packed position? ANS The position of minimal joint congruency in which the ligaments and capsules are lax and the joint is in its least stable position. Roll Accessory Movement ANS One surface rolling over one another Ex) Femoral condyle over a fixed tibial plateau Glide Accessory movement ANS One fixed point sliding over another joints surface. Usually occurs in the anteroposterior or mediolateral direction. Ex) When the femur slide over top of the tibia. Spin Accessory movement ANS Pure rotation motion What is full ROM? ANS It's the maximal range of a joint What is inner range? ANS Where the muscle acting on the joint is at its shortest (concentric) What is outer range? ANS Where the muscle acting on the joint is at its longest (Eccentric) What are factors that facilitate movement (in a normal joint ROM)? ANS Bony shape: concave and convex shapes Accessory mvmts: increases the ROM Hyaline cartilage: provides smooth surface for mints and