1 Instructor’s Resource Material for Organization of the Body ANSWER KEYS Answers to Quick Check Questions 1. Science develops new principles by using detailed observations and vigorous tests, or experiments, to analyze each idea or hypothesis until a reasonable conclusion can be made. As more testing is done, eliminating outside influences or biases and ensuring consistent results, scientists begin to have more confidence in the principle and then call it a theory or law. 2. Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. Physiology is the scientific study of the body functions of the living organism and its parts. 3. Physiology can be divided into (1) the type of organism involved, (2) the organizational level studied, and (3) a specific, or systemic, function being studied. 4. The study of the body that focuses on groups of organs that have a common function is called systemic anatomy. 5. An eponym is a term that is based on a person’s name. 6. Autopoiesis defines life; organisms are self-organizing or self-maintaining, and nonliving structures are not. 7. Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical reactions in the body. Each characteristic of life is related to these reactions. 8. The seven levels of organization are chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism. 9. Answers may include any of the following: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, and lysosome. 10. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve. 11. The 11 major organ systems are integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. 12. In the anatomical position, the body is in an erect, or standing, posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward. The head and feet are also pointing forward. This position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions. 13. The two major subdivisions of the body as a whole are axial and appendicular. 14. The two major body cavities and their subdivisions are (1) ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) and (2) dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal cavities). 15. The nine abdominopelvic regions are right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac. The four abdominal quadrants are right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower. 16. Superior is toward the head or upper or above; inferior: toward the feet or lower or below; anterior is front or “in front of;” posterior is back or “in back of;” medial is toward the midline of the body; lateral is toward the side of the body; dorsal is toward the bac