Chapter 1 Answers to “What Did You Learn?” 1. Comparative anatomy 2. Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function. 3. Cardiovascular 4. An anatomist will describe various tissues within the esophagus and their arrangement relative to each other. The physiologist will focus on how the tissues are involved in, and possibly interact, during the process of swallowing. 5. The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment provides them with a mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around them changes. 6. A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits. Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below. 7. The urinary system is responsible for filtering and removing waste products from the blood. 8. A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and inferior sections. 9. Proximal 10. The term antebrachial refers to the forearm, the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist. 11. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of a parietal pleura lining the inside of the body wall and a visceral pleura lining the individual lungs. 12. Epigastric 13. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus; a control system that integrates the input from the receptor such as the brain or an endocrine gland; and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response to the stimulus. 14. The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood to the surface of the skin, thereby decreasing the amount of heat lost to external environment. Another response involves stimulation of skeletal muscles, causing “shivering” and thereby generating heat internally. 15. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis. 16. Diabetes, an inability of the body t