Chapter 1 Answers to “What Did You Learn?” 1. Comparative anatomy. 2. Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function. 3. Cardiovascular. 4. Anatomists focus on the form and structure of the small intestine. They examine the cells and tissues that form the small intestine, and describe the layers of the small intestinal wall. Physiologists focus on the function of the small intestine. They examine how the muscle of the smooth intestine propels food through the digestive tract and describe the process by which nutrients are broken down and absorbed. Both anatomists and physiologists know that form and function of the small intestine are interrelated. 5. The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment provides them with a mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around them changes. 6. A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits. Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below. 7. The urinary system is responsible for filtering and removing waste products from the blood. 8. A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and inferior sections. 9. Proximal. 10. The term antebrachial refers to the forearm, the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist. 11. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of the parietal pleura lining the inside of the body wall and the visceral pleura lining the individual lungs. 12. Epigastric. 13. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus, a control system that integrates the input from the receptor such as the brain or an endocrine gland, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response to the stimulus. 14. The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood to the surface of the skin