1. A 58-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increased shortness of breath and a productive cough. Which pathophysiological mechanism is most likely responsible for his exacerbation? A. Decreased surfactant production B. Airway remodeling due to chronic inflammation C. Left ventricular heart failure D. Increased pulmonary capillary permeability Answer: B. Airway remodeling due to chronic inflammation Rationale: COPD exacerbations are often triggered by infections or environmental pollutants, leading to chronic inflammation and subsequent airway remodeling. 2. A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Which of the following findings is typically observed in this condition? A. Reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume B. Decreased myocardial contractility C. Left ventricular hypertrophy D. Dilated cardiomyopathy Answer: C. Left ventricular hypertrophy Rationale: HFpEF is characterized by a stiff left ventricle, which leads to hypertrophy as the heart works harder to maintain cardiac output.