1. How many indigenous peoples are there in the world, and what percentage of the global population do they represent? Name at least three countries that have indigenous populations. - Answer: According to the United Nations and the World Bank, there are an estimated 476 million indigenous peoples in the world, living across 90 countries. They make up less than 5 percent of the global population, but account for 15 percent of the poorest. Some examples of countries that have indigenous populations are Australia, Canada, China, India, Mexico and New Zealand. - Rationale: This question tests the students' basic knowledge of the demographic and geographic distribution of indigenous peoples, as well as their awareness of the diversity and inequality that they face. 2. What are some of the common characteristics that define indigenous peoples, according to the United Nations? - Answer: The United Nations does not have a formal definition of indigenous peoples, but it identifies some common characteristics that they share, such as: - Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition by others - Historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies - Strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources - Distinct social, economic or political systems - Distinct language, culture and beliefs - Form non-dominant groups of society - Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems as distinctive peoples and communities - Rationale: This question tests the students' understanding of the concept and criteria of indigeneity, as well as their recognition of the cultural and political diversity and autonomy of indigenous peoples. 3. What are some of the main challenges that indigenous peoples face in the modern world? - Answer: Indigenous peoples face many challenges in the modern world, such as: - Loss of lands, territories and resources due to colonization, development, extraction and climate change - Marginalization, discrimination and violence based on their ethnic, cultural or linguistic identity - Lack of recognition and protection of their collective rights to self-determination, participation, consultation and consent - Poverty, inequality and social exclusion that limit their access to education, health care, employment and justice - Threats to their languages, cultures and traditional knowledge due to assimilation, globalization and modernization - Rationale: This question tests the students' awareness of the historical and contemporary issues that affect indigenous peoples' lives, livelihoods and well-being