Diet of Worms ✔✔held by Charles V against Martin Luther's preachings, decreed no one could read Luther's works Versailles ✔✔King Louis XIV's palace during French absolutism rule Florence ✔✔center of the arts Amsterdam ✔✔The port city of Holland, which was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. It became a center of trade later in the Age of Exploration because Holland was a center of banking. Holland was considered one of the "Low Countries" which were the prosperous western areas of the Holy Roman Empire. Vienna ✔✔(1529) This city is how far Suleiman I got before being turned back in their invasion of Europe and also marked the end of the Ottoman expansion Tordesillas ✔✔Treaty signed in Spain that divided newly conquered lands outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal Waterloo ✔✔the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians St. Petersburg ✔✔Peter the Great modernized to become the "window to the west" Gustavus Adolphus ✔✔Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles Leonardo da Vinci ✔✔Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect Magellan ✔✔Spanish, first explorer to circumnavigate the globe Martin Luther ✔✔Protestant Reformation leader, wrote the 95 Theses Bishop Bossuet ✔✔Louis XIV's tutor, defended divine right of King James I ✔✔first Stuart king of England Rousseau ✔✔French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society Copernicus ✔✔Heliocentric theory Voltaire ✔✔French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. Mercantilism ✔✔the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys Heliocentrism ✔✔The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it Secularism ✔✔a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations Divine Right ✔✔belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god. Enlightened Despotism ✔✔system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment Social Contract ✔✔agreement among all the people in a society to give up part of their freedom to a government in exchange for protection of natural rights. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were two European political philosophers who wrote about this concept. Natural Law ✔✔the concept that there is a universal order built into nature that can guide moral thinking Laissez Faire ✔✔the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs Liberty, Equality, Fraternite ✔✔national motto of France Weber Thesis ✔✔the Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism The Courtier ✔✔Baldassare Castiglione/qualities of a perfect courtier The Social Contract ✔✔John Jacques Rousseau/citizens give up rights to get rights The Prince ✔✔Machiavelli/qualities of an effective prince The Wealth of Nations ✔✔written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics Against the Murderous and Thieving Peasants ✔✔Martin Luther In Praise of Folly ✔✔Erasmus