10th Amendment- Powers not expressly given to federal government by the Constitution are reserved to states or the people. Also known as "reserved powers amendment" or "states' rights amendment" 13th Amendment- Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70) 14th Amendment- (1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. 15th Amendment- States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. Third of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. First Voting Rights Amendment (with 19, 24 & 26) 16th Amendment- Power of Congress to tax income 17th Amendment- Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) 19th Amendment- States cannot deny the right to vote based on gender 1st Amendment- Freedom of religion (establishment & free exercise clauses), speech, press, assembly, and petition. 22nd Amendment- Limits the president to two terms. 23rd Amendment- Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress) 24th Amendment- Abolishes poll taxes 26th Amendment- States cannot deny the right to vote based on age (18+) 2nd Amendment- Right to arm bears. Supported by National Rifle Association interest group & Republican Party. 4th Amendment- No "unreasonable" searches and seizures. Exclusionary rule (Weeks v. US, Mapp v. Ohio) 5th Amendment- (1) No Self-Incrimination (Miranda) (2) No Double Jeopardy (defendant cannot be tried again on the same, or similar charges) (3) No deprivation of life liberty or property without "due process of law" (fair treatment) 6th Amendment- The right to counsel in criminal trials. Gideon v. Wainwright held that states must provide indigent defendants with a free lawyer ("public defender"). Right to jury in criminal trials. 7th Amendment- Right to jury in civil trials. 8th Amendment- Government cannot inflict cruel and unusual punishment. Meaning of "cruel" based on "evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society." Categorical bans on death penalty: juveniles, retarded, non-murder crimes... 9th Amendment- Unenumerated Rights Amendment. Citizens have unenumerated rights in addition to those stated in the Constitution. Not been developed by Supreme Court (too open ended) Constitution - A nation's basic law, creates political institutions, assigns or divides power in government and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. Can be written or unwritten. Agents of Socialization - Family (most important); TV/media (growing in importance); friends/peers; school (formal socialization). How we develop (absorb) opinions & beliefs. American Political Culture - A set of basic, foundational values and beliefs about government that is shared by most citizens. Key elements: democracy, equality before the law, limited government, capitalism & private property Anti-Federalists- A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government (tyranny) and supported states' rights. "I smell a rat!" Articles of Confederation - Set up the 1st independent American government (1783-88). Nonbinding "league of friendship" among sovereign states with weak central government to help with common defense & cooperation (like the European Union). Replaced by our current constitution in 1788. Bandwagon Effect - "Copy-cat" behavior. People often do things just because other people do them. In primary elections, it is when people support the candidate everyone else seems to be supporting (poll leaders). Leads to Primary Frontloading (states want to have the most impact in the primary process) Block Grants - Grants ($) given to the states by the federal government for a general purpose (like education or road-building). Unlike categorical grants, states have discretion to decide how to spend the money. Example = Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) (States develop and implement welfare programs using federal money). Casework - Assistance given to individual constituents by congressional members, like helping an elderly person figure out how to get Medicare benefits. Major incumbency advantage. Categorical Grant - A grant ($) given to the states by the federal government for a specific purpose or program. The federal government tells the states exactly how to spend the money (no state discretion