Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders - Describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia: delusions, disordered thinking, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect. - Positive symptoms (excesses): - Delusions: beliefs that are not rooted in reality - Hallucinations: the experiencing of imagined sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. (most common: auditory and visual hallucinations) - Auditory - hearing sounds and voices - Visual - vague perceptions of colors, clouds, visions of people or objects - Tactile (outside) - tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations - Somatic (inside) - feeling something is happening inside the body - Olfactory - smell odors - Disorganizations Thinking and Speech: a disturbance in the production and organization of thought - Inappropriate Affect: display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation - may smile upon being told terrible news - upset in situations they should be happy - Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior - Hallucinations and delusions often occur together - Compare and describe delusions of persecution, reference, grandeur, and control. - Persecutory - belief one is being plotted or discriminated against (most common) - Grandiose - belief that they are inventors, saviors, empowered - Ideas of Reference - attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events - Control - belief being controlled by other people - Compare and describe different types of thought and behavior disorganization (e.g., loose associations/derailment, word salad, neologisms, perseveration, clang associations, catatonia and waxy flexibility) - Loose Associations (AKA derailment) - rapid shift from one topic to another (most common)