1. Parenting styles

 Dictatorial or authoritarian:

o Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations

 Ex: The child is never allowed to watch television on school nights

 Permissive:

o Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the child when making decisions

 Ex: The child assists with deciding whether he will watch television

 Democratic or authoritative:

o Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason for each rule setting

 Ex: The child can watch television for 1 hr on school nights after completing all of his homework and chores

o Parents negatively reinforce deviations form the rules

 Ex: The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new guidelines

Chapter 2: Physical assessment findings

1. Vital signs

-Usually vital signs are all high except for BP

-Temperature:

-3 – 6 months 99.5

-1 year 99.9

-3 year 99.0

-5 years 98.6

-7 years 98.2

-9 – 11 years 98.1

-13 years 97.9

-Pulse:

-Newborn 80 – 180/min

-1 weeks – 3 months 80 – 220/min

-3 months – 2 years 70 – 150/min

-2 – 10 years 60 – 110/min

-10 years and older 50 – 90/min

-Respirations:

-Newborn – 1year 30 – 35/min

-1 – 2 years 25 – 30/min

-2 – 6 years 21 – 25/min

-6 – 12 years 19 – 21/min

-12 years and older 16 – 19/min

-Blood pressure:

-Low as a baby but increases the older they get

-Infants: Systolic: 65-78/ Diastolic: 41-52

2. Head: Fontanels should be flat

 Anterior fontanel:

o Closes by 12-18 months

 Posterior fontanel:

o Closes by 6-8 weeks

3. Teeth

-Infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 year old

-Children and adolescents should have teeth that are white and smooth, and begin replacing the 20 deciduous teeth with 32

permanent teeth

4. Infant Reflexes

Stepping Birth to 4 weeks

Palmar Grasp Birth to 3 months

Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer Position) Birth to 3 – 4 months

Sucking and Rooting Reflex Birth to 4 months

Moro Reflex (Fall backward) Birth to 4 months