ATI TEAS 7 BIOLOGY REVIEW UPDATED

ATI TEAS 7 BIOLOGY REVIEW UPDATED 2022-2023

Macromolecules:

Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme

Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose

● Structural function: cellulose and chitin

● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids

Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water

● H and C and main components

● Fats

● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments

● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)

Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)

● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein

● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes)

● Function as transport carries or signal transfer

Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

● DNA stores genetic material

● Chromosomes

● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA

Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions

● Not consumed in reaction

● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy

● Exergonic: release energy

● Endergonic: require energy

● Energy is supplied and released as ATP

● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)

DNA and RNA

DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to

produce proteins

● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA andRNA

● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

● Purines: Adenine and Guanine

● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine

● Codon: Agroup of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino

acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)

● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak.

o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine

● Double Helix structure

● Coded or read 5'→3'

● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen

atoms)

DNA Replication

DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand

DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication

DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA

strands in 5'→3' direction

Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling

DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand

Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication

Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction

Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections

o Anaphase

o Telophase

o Cytokinesis

● Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact

replica

o Interphase (G1, S,

G2)

o Prophase

o Metaphase

Cell Cycle

● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding

o Only happens in gametes*

o 1

st phase

● chromosomes cross over

● genetic material exchanged

● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed

□ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles

□2 cells go through 2nd cell division

□ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes

● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell

● Zygote- controls cell differentiation

Tissues

¾ groups of cells

¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective

1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin

2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat,

blood, lymph

□Protects & binds body parts

a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support

i. Fibrous

b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones &