1. A 22•year•old man sustains a gunshot wound to the left chest and is transported to a smallcommunity hospital at which surgical capabilities are not available. In the emergency department, a chest tube is inserted and 700 mL of blood is evacuated. The trauma center accepts the patient in transfer. Just before the patient is placed in the ambulance for transfer, his blood pressure decreases to 80/68 mm Hg and his heart rate increases to 136 beats per minute. The next step should be to: a. clamp the chest tube. b. cancel the patient's transfer. c. perform an emergency department thoracotomy. d. repeat the primary survey and proceed with transfer. e. delay the transfer until the referring doctor can contact a thoracic surgeon. 2. A young woman sustains a severe head injury as the result of a motor vehicle crash. In the emergency department, her GCS is 6. Her blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg and her heart rate is 80 beats per minute. She is intubated and mechanically ventilated. Her pupilsare 3 mm in size and equally reactive to light. There is no other apparent injury. The mostimportant principle to follow in the early management of her head injury is to: a. avoid hypotension. b. administer an osmotic diuretic. c. aggressively treat systemic hypertension. d. reduce metabolic requirements of the brain. e. distinguish between intracranial hematoma and cerebral edema. 3. A 6•year•old boy walking across the street is struck by the front bumper of a sports utilityvehicle traveling at 32 kph (20 mph). Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. A flail chest is probable. b. A symptomatic cardiac contusion is expected. c. A pulmonary contusion may be present in the absence of rib fractures. d. Transection of the thoracic aorta is more likely than in an adult patient. e. Rib fractures are commonly found in children with this mechanism of injury. 4. A 39•year•old man is admitted to the emergency department after an automobile collision. He is cyanotic, has insufficient respiratory effort, and has a GCS Score of 6.His full beard makes it difficult to fit the oxygen facemask to his face. The most appropriate next step is to: a. perform a surgical cricothyroidotomy. ATLS PT 2 2 b. attempt nasotracheal intubation. c. ventilate him with a bag•mask device until c•spine injury can be excluded. d. attempt orotracheal intubation using 2 people and inline stabilization of the cervical spine. e. ventilate the patient with a bag•mask device until his beard can be shaved forbetter mask fit. 5. A patient is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after a motor vehicle crash.He is conscious and there is no obvious external trauma. He arrives at the hospital completely immobilized on a long spine board. His blood pressure is 60/40 mm Hg and his heart rate is 70 beats per minute. His skin is warm. Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. Vasoactive medications have no role in this patient's management. b. The hypotension should be managed with volume resuscitation alone.c. Flexion and extension views of the c•spine should be performed early. d. Occult abdominal visceral injuries can be excluded as a cause of hypotension. e. Flaccidity of the lower extremities and loss of deep tendon reflexes are expected. 6. The following are contraindications for tetanus toxoid administration: a. History of neurological reaction or severe hypersensitivity to the product. b. Local side effects. c. Muscular spasms. d. Pregnancy. e. All of the above. 7. After being involved in a motor vehicle crash, a 25•year•old man is brought to a hospitalwith a general surgeon on duty. He has a GCS of 13 and complains of abdominal pain. His blood pressure was 80 mm Hg systolic by palpation on arrival at the hospital, but increases to 110/70 mm Hg with the administration of 2 liters of intravenous fluid. His heart rate remains 120 beats per minute. Computed tomography shows an aortic injury and splenic laceration with free abdominal fluid. His blood pressure falls to 70 mm Hg after CT. The next step is: a. contrast angiography. b. transfer to a higher level trauma center. c. exploratory laparotomy. d. transfuse packed red blood cells. e. transesophageal echocardiography. 8. Which one of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma in the pregnantpatient is TRUE? a. The fetus is in jeopardy only with major abdominal trauma. b. Leakage of amniotic fluid is an indication for hospital admission. c. Indications for peritoneal lavage are different from those in the