1. What are the four main sources of information for the historical Jesus, and how do they
differ in their perspectives and purposes? Answer: The four main sources are the
canonical gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), the non-canonical gospels (such as
Thomas, Judas, and Mary), the epistles of Paul and other early Christian writers, and the
writings of Jewish and Roman historians (such as Josephus, Tacitus, and Pliny). They
differ in their perspectives and purposes because they were written by different authors
with different backgrounds, audiences, contexts, and agendas. For example, the
canonical gospels present Jesus as the Messiah, the Son of God, and the fulfillment of the
Old Testament prophecies, while the non-canonical gospels emphasize his teachings on
wisdom, mysticism, and esotericism. The epistles of Paul and other early Christian
writers focus on the theological implications of Jesus' death and resurrection, and the
formation of the church, while the writings of Jewish and Roman historians provide
external evidence for Jesus' existence, crucifixion, and followers.
2. What are the main arguments for and against the traditional attribution of the authorship
of the gospel of Matthew to the apostle Matthew? Answer: The main arguments for the
traditional attribution are based on the early church tradition that identifies Matthew as the
author, the use of Hebrew terms and quotations from the Old Testament that suggest a
Jewish background, and the emphasis on Jesus' fulfillment of the law and his role as the new
Moses. The main arguments against the traditional attribution are based on the literary
dependence of Matthew on Mark and Q (a hypothetical source of sayings shared by
Matthew and Luke), which implies that Matthew was not an eyewitness of Jesus' ministry,
the use of Greek as the original language of the gospel, which suggests a non-Jewish
audience, and the presence of theological and historical errors and contradictions that cast
doubt on the reliability of the author.
3. What are the main characteristics and themes of the gospel of Mark, and how do they
reflect its authorship, audience, and context? Answer: The main characteristics and themes
of the gospel of Mark are its brevity, simplicity, realism, urgency, secrecy, suffering, and
discipleship. They reflect its authorship by a non-apostolic follower of Peter who wrote in
Rome for a Gentile audience facing persecution under Nero. They also reflect its context by
addressing the questions and challenges posed by the Jewish war, the destruction of
Jerusalem and its temple, and the emergence of false prophets and messiahs.
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