Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Define Physiology: Physiology studiesthe functions of these parts. Define Anatomy: studiesthe structures List the Levels of Organization: start with atoms and end with organism Atom - molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cell --> Tissue --> Organs --> organ system --> Organism Maintenance of Life: Requirements of Organisms Life depends on the availability of the following 5 things: Heat, pressure, oxygen, food, and water. The maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasisisregulated through controlsystems, which have set points, controlsystems, and effectors in common. Define and examples of negative feedback mechanisms in the body - You will have examples in multiple chapters in the book. as conditions return to normal, the deviation from the set point lessens, and the effectors are gradually shut down. Define and give examples of positive feedback mechanisms: When there is a break in a blood vessel, platelets cling to the injured site. The platelets then release chemicals which attract more platelets. The collection of platelets will eventually clog up in the damaged area thus forming a clot. Describe the body in anatomical position: - body stands erect, face forward, upper limbs at side, and palms are forward. 2 Body Cavities and membranes: The ventral body cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavities. The dorsal body cavity contains the vertebral and cranial cavities. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The cranial cavity contains the brain. 3 The spinal cavity is located inside the vertebral cavity and contains the spinal cord. The ventral cavity is lined with the serous membrane. Serous membranes have two layers: visceral layer (covers the organ) and parietal layer (lines the cavity). Know the location of the following serous membranes: pleural, pericardium and peritoneum. What organs and cavities do they cover? Lungs, The pleural membranes have a visceral and parietal layer, and the pericardial cavity. Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Matter: Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. List the three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gas 98% of the human body is composed of which 6 elements? Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. (CHNOPS) Atoms have 3 subatomic particles : protons , neutrons and electrons Which has the positive charge? Protrons Negative charge? neutrons No charge? electrons Which of the three subatomic particles have very little weight and is not considered in the weight of an atom? electrons What make up the atomic weight of an atom? The number of protons and neutrons. What is the atomic number? Number of protons. Bonding: Describe Ionic bonds: When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions with a charge. Is this a weak bond or a stable bond? stable Give a few examples of ionic bonding. NaCl, salts, acids, bases Describe Covalent bonds: Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells. Is this a weak bond or a strong bond? strong Give examples of covalent bonding found in the human body? Hint: what are the 4 macromolecules of the body. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Describe Hydrogen Bonds Form when compounds formed from covalent bonding do not share the electrons equally. Result from slight + and - charges. Important in water and proteins and DNA. Is hydrogen bonding weak bonds or strong bonds? weak Give examples of hydrogen bonding found in the human body protein, DNA, water Describe Inorganic Compounds: Compounds that contain both hydrogen and carbon are called organic; the others are inorganic Give examples of inorganic compounds we discussed in lecture . CO2, H2O,salts, acids, bases.