1. Which of the following bacterial shapes is typically associated with Streptococci? A. Bacillus B. Coccus C. Spirillum D. Spirochete Answer: B. Coccus Rationale: Streptococci are known for their spherical (coccus) shape and tend to form chains. 2. A Gram stain differentiates bacterial cells based on the characteristics of their: A. Ribosomes B. Cell walls C. Nucleoid region D. Flagella Answer: B. Cell walls Rationale: The Gram stain technique differentiates bacteria into Grampositive or Gram-negative based on the composition of their cell walls. 3. Which structure is not a component of bacterial cell morphology? A. Pili B. Mitochondria C. Plasmids D. Capsules Answer: B. Mitochondria Rationale: Bacteria do not have mitochondria; they have other structures such as pili, plasmids, and capsules. 4. Endospores are a key survival strategy for which type of bacteria? A. Mycobacteria B. Enterobacteria C. Firmicutes D. Actinobacteria Answer: C. Firmicutes Rationale: Firmicutes, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, can form endospores to survive extreme conditions.