BIO 3503 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDER II TEST JUNE 2025/2026 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS. GRADED A+
1. What is the pathophysiology of hypertension?
- Hypertension is characterized by increased blood pressure due to the narrowing of blood vessels,
increased fluid volume or excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
2. What are the risk factors for developing hypertension?
- Risk factors include obesity, high salt intake, family history, age, and certain chronic conditions, such as
diabetes and kidney disease.
3. How does atherosclerosis contribute to cardiovascular disease?
- Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to blockages and decreased
blood flow to the heart, brain, or other organs.
4. What role does inflammation play in the development of cardiovascular disease?
- Inflammation can contribute to the formation of plaque in the arteries, and the rupture of plaque can
lead to the formation of blood clots.
5. How does diabetes impact cardiovascular health?
- Diabetes can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
6. What is the role of the endothelium in cardiovascular health?
- The endothelium is a layer of cells that lines blood vessels and plays a key role in regulating blood flow
and vascular tone.
7. How does smoking contribute to cardiovascular disease?
- Smoking damages blood vessels, increases plaque buildup, and raises blood pressure, all of which can
lead to cardiovascular disease.