1. A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hyponatremia D. Hypercalcemia Answer: A. Hyperkalemia Rationale: Chronic kidney disease can lead to decreased excretion of potassium, resulting in hyperkalemia. 2. Which condition is characterized by an excess of body water relative to sodium? A. Dehydration B. Hypovolemia C. Hypernatremia D. Dilutional hyponatremia Answer: D. Dilutional hyponatremia Rationale: Dilutional hyponatremia occurs when there is a relative excess of water in the body compared to sodium, diluting the sodium concentration. 3. In acute renal failure, what urine output measurement indicates oliguria? A. Less than 100 mL/day B. Less than 400 mL/day C. Less than 800 mL/day D. Less than 1500 mL/day Answer: B. Less than 400 mL/day Rationale: Oliguria is defined as a urine output of less than 400 mL/day and is a common sign of acute renal failure. 4. A patient with nephrotic syndrome would exhibit which of the following symptoms? A. Hematuria B. Proteinuria C. Hypertension