1. What are the three domains of life based on molecular phylogeny? How do they differ
from each other in terms of cell structure, metabolism, and gene expression?
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are
prokaryotes, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukarya are eukaryotes, meaning they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles. Bacteria and Archaea differ in their cell wall composition, ribosomal RNA
sequences, and lipid structures. Eukarya have more complex and diverse metabolism
and gene expression than prokaryotes, involving multiple chromosomes, histones, and
introns.
2. What is the endosymbiotic theory? What evidence supports this theory?
- The endosymbiotic theory is the idea that some organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from ancient prokaryotes that were
engulfed by larger cells and established a symbiotic relationship. The evidence for
this theory includes the presence of circular DNA, ribosomes, and double
membranes in these organelles, as well as their ability to replicate independently of
the host cell.
3. What are the main types of microscopy used to study microscopic organisms? What
are the advantages and limitations of each type?
- The main types of microscopy are light microscopy, electron microscopy, and
fluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy uses visible light to illuminate specimens
and can be used to observe living cells, but has a limited resolution of about 0.2
micrometers. Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons to create images of
specimens and can achieve a much higher resolution of about 0.2 nanometers, but
requires the specimens to be fixed, dehydrated, and coated with metal.
Fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescent molecules or proteins to label specific
structures or molecules in specimens and can reveal their location, distribution, and
interactions, but requires specialized equipment and reagents.
4. What are the main differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
How does this affect their susceptibility to antibiotics?
- Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure. Grampositive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the purple dye in the
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