1. Explain the process of phagocytosis and its role in the immune response to disease. Provide examples to

support your answer.

Answer: Phagocytosis is the process by which specialized immune cells engulf and digest foreign

substances, such as bacteria or viruses. This process plays a crucial role in the immune response as it helps

eliminate pathogens from the body. Examples of phagocytes include neutrophils and macrophages, which

recognize and engulf pathogens through receptor binding and form phagosomes that ultimately fuse with

lysosomes for digestion.

Rationale: This question tests the students' understanding of the immune response and the specific role of

phagocytosis in combating diseases. It requires linking theoretical knowledge with practical examples to

demonstrate a comprehensive understanding.

2. Discuss the difference between humoral and cellular immunity, and how each contributes to the immune

response. Provide specific examples.

Answer: Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to pathogens.

These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and can neutralize pathogens or tag them for destruction by

other immune cells. Cellular immunity, on the other hand, involves T cells that directly attack infected cells

or regulate the immune response. For instance, in humoral immunity, B cells produce antibodies against a

toxin secreted by bacteria, while in cellular immunity, T cells eliminate virus-infected cells by inducing

apoptosis.

Rationale: This question requires students to differentiate between different branches of the immune

response and understand their specific roles. Providing examples helps solidify their knowledge and

applicability to real-life scenarios.

3. Describe the process of antigen presentation by dendritic cells and its significance in activating the

adaptive immune response.

Answer: Dendritic cells capture and process antigens from pathogens at the site of infection. They then

migrate to lymph nodes, where they present these antigens to naive T cells, thereby initiating an adaptive

immune response. This process allows T cells to recognize specific antigens and trigger an immune response

tailored to the invading pathogen.

Rationale: Understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in antigen presentation is crucial for students

studying advanced immunology. It highlights the importance of dendritic cells in mediating the adaptive

immune response.