Linear Model ✔✔Basic components of a simple exchange between 2 people. Straight forward process Phases of Linear model ✔✔Phase 1 Deciding on message Phase 2 Encoding the message Phase 3 Transmitting the message Phase 4 Perceiving the message Phase 5 Decoding and assigning the meaning to the message Transactional Model ✔✔More realistic then the linear model. Transactional Model is ✔✔Dependent on many factors such as context, relationship between communicators, socio-cultural situation Stages of Perception ✔✔Selection Organization Interpretation Selective exposure ✔✔attend info that reinforces existing belief and disregard info that is at odds with our current positon Selective attention ✔✔once we are engaged in a particular interaction we focus on certain info and ignore other info Selective recall ✔✔we remember things that we agree with rather then things that are contrary to our beliefs Organization ✔✔Figure/ground Closure-fill in missing info Proximity/physical closeness Similarity Interpretation ✔✔We can assign meaning to stimuli Identity ✔✔You express your cultural and group affiliation Current internal state ✔✔How people perceive stimuli involves how they are feeling Locus of causation ✔✔Refers to whether the communicators behavior was motivated by an internal state or an external state Self-presentation ✔✔Strategic development and use of verbal and non verbal messages that result others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are Impression management ✔✔Deliberate use of verbal/nonverbal messages to create a particular impression among others Plan for Effective Self-presentation ✔✔Set a goal Create a strategy Execute the strategy and evaluate the results Modify negative perceptions Co-Culture ✔✔Reflect the unique beliefs, ways of thinking, communication patterns and styles, and customs of members of particular groups that exist within the umbrella culture. Ex. Marines, college students, crossfit, pet owners Individualism ✔✔Values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent and not reliant on others. Remain somewhat emotionally distant from others Collectivism ✔✔Value their membership in their particular in-group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group High context communication ✔✔Rely heavily on environmental cues Low context communication ✔✔Require explicit or clean verbal messages. Spoon feed what is expected Feminine ✔✔Nurturing, friendly, affectionate, compassionate, warm, supportive Masculine ✔✔Assertive, ambitious, success-oriented, competitive, cold Monochronic ✔✔Work on one thing at a time. They are very punctual and rarely cancel Polychronic ✔✔Work on multiple things at one time. Very chaotic and unfocused Ethnocentrism ✔✔Belief that one's own culture and lifestyle is superior to all others High power distance ✔✔Unlikely to question the actions and statements of people with a lot of power or of a high rank in society at work or within a family. (Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela, India, Singapore, Brazil, Vietnam, China and France) Low power distance ✔✔People tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create (Israel, Denmark, Sweden, great Britain, Germany, Canada and US)