tilde - waving line placed over a vower before "r" in a combination to indicate unaccented syllable ~

syntax - arrangement and sequence of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases; set of principles that dictate sequence and function in order to convey meaning ( G.U.M.)

voiced/unvoiced cognates - phonemes pronounce din the same place of the mouth but vary in voicing /k/ /g/

phonology - sound system of a language; science of speech sounds;the study of peach sound system, rules and patterns of speech; unconscious rules and patterns of spoken language (sad vs sank)

suprasegmental - aspects of language ( intonations, pitch, juncture, speaking rate) supersize

occipital cortex - vision; receives information first

Old English - Began when Angles, Saxons, Jutes arrived in England. Language of Vikings; Old Norse and Latin also influenced; Teutonic invasion; Christianizing of Britain; 449 AD-1066; decline of Old English as result of Norman Conquest

phonological awareness - an umbrella term used to refer to a student's sensitivity to sound structure in language; understanding of internal linguistic structures of words; awareness of onset-rime and individual phonemes

naming speed - a speed naming task; administered to pre-readers

phoneme - smallest unit of sound in speech /s/ /a/ /d/; individual sound unit in spoken words

prosody - vocal intonation and meter of spoken language;readers sound as if they are speaking;significant to communicate and comprehend emotions and attitudes

Torgensen, Lundber, and Foorman - phonological awareness is a critical factor in dyslexia

macron - diacritical line over long vowel sound

breve - diacritical mark over short vowel sound

cedilla - diacritical mark under C indicting soft sound

base word - word before affixes added/can stand alone