1. The endocrine system comprises a network of ___________ that produce and secrete chemical messengers called ____________. A) glands, hormones B) nodes, catecholamines C) vessels, leukotrienes D) synapses, neurotransmitters - ANS-Ans: A 2. Which of the following is/are NOT an exocrine gland? A) Liver B) Sweat glands C) Salivary glands D) Adrenal glands - ANS-Ans: D 3. Unlike exocrine glands, endocrine glands: A) do not affect the rate of cellular metabolism. B) release chemicals directly into the bloodstream. C) have ducts that carry their secretions into a body cavity. D) produce chemicals that work faster than the nervous system. - ANS-Ans: B 4. Molecules that bind to a cell's receptor and trigger a response, resulting in some kind of action or biologic effect, are called: A) agonists. B) mediators. C) antagonists. D) neurotransmitters. - ANS-Ans: A 5. If there is a physiologic level of antidiuretic hormone in the bloodstream, then: A) blood pressure decreases secondary to dilation of the vessels. B) the renal tubules are stimulated to reabsorb sodium and water. C) potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium are lost through diuresis. D) the kidneys excrete excessive sodium and water from the body. - ANS-Ans: B 6. The primary anatomic link between the endocrine system and the nervous system is/are the: A) pancreas. B) adrenal glands. C) hypothalamus. D) adrenal cortex. - ANS-Ans: C 7. Which of the following is an example of endocrine regulation via a negative feedback mechanism? A) As blood glucose levels fall, glucagon is secreted and stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. B) A stress response stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to release epinephrine into the bloodstream. C) When circulating volume is decreased, the pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. D) The neural regulating mechanism decreases its signals to the adrenal medulla, decreasing epinephrine release. - ANS-Ans: D 8. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes: A) thyroxine and growth hormone. B) antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. C) three gonadotropic hormones and oxytocin. D) growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. - ANS-Ans: B 9. When the body's metabolic rate decreases: A) the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine. B) oxygen demand increases accordingly. C) the kidneys excrete more sodium and water. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion is reduced. - ANS-Ans: A 10. Secretion of the parathyroid hormone is regulated by blood levels of: A) sodium. B) calcium. C) potassium. D) phosphorus. - ANS-Ans: B 11. The adrenal cortex produces hormones called _______________, which: A) catecholamines, increase the blood pressure. B) glucocorticoids, stimulate energy production. C) gonadotropin, regulate testosterone production. D) corticosteroids, regulate the body's metabolism. - ANS-Ans: D 12. If the body experiences a drop in volume or blood pressure: A) aldosterone stimulates the sweat glands, resulting in diaphoretic skin. B) adrenocorticotropic hormone causes a reduction in the secretion of cortisol. C) aldosterone secretion stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium from the urine. D) catecholamine release inhibits the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. - ANS-Ans: C 13. The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine following stimulation from the: A) brainstem. B) diencephalon. C) hypothalamus. D) pituitary gland. - ANS-Ans: C 14. The endocrine component of the pancreas: A) comprises the pancreatic duct. B) comprises the islets of Langerhans. C) releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. D) secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. - ANS-Ans: B 15. The release of glucagon into the bloodstream stimulates: A) the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. B) the liver to take in and store more glucose. C) the cells to uptake sugar from the bloodstream. D) the vessels to constrict, thus increasing blood pressure. - ANS-Ans: A 16. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is correct? A) Insulin stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose. B) An increase in insulin levels causes an increase in blood glucose. C) Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that performs exocrine functions. D) Insulin is the only hormone that decreases blood glucose levels. - ANS-Ans: D 17. What is the function of estrogen? A) It stimulates the release of progesterone from the pituitary gland. B) It signals the anterior pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone. C) It releases androgens that are responsible for pubic and armpit hair. D) It signals the posterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormones. - ANSAns: B 18. Diabetes is MOST accurately defined as: A) inadequate insulin secretion, which leads to increased circulating blood glucose levels. B) a decrease in circulating insulin levels, which results in a drop in serum blood sugar levels. C) a metabolic disorder in which the body's ability to metabolize simple carbohydrates is impaired. D) an endocrine disorder in which the liver is unable to produce and store adequate amounts of glycogen. - ANS-Ans: C 19. When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to the effects of the insulin that is produced: A) the cells will metabolize oxygen and function normally. B) glucose levels in the blood and urine will be elevated. C) serum glucose levels will fall and brain damage may occur. D) the body will stop making glucose as a protective mechanism. - ANS-Ans: B 20. Microvascular complications of diabetes include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) retinopathy. B) hypertension. C) nephropathy. D) neuropathy. - ANS-Ans: B