1. Describe the process by which water molecules establish a hydrogen bond network and its significance in biological systems. Answer: Water molecules form a hydrogen bond network through the interaction of the partial positive charge of hydrogen atoms and the partial negative charge of oxygen atoms in adjacent water molecules. This network is significant in biological systems as it contributes to the high cohesion, surface tension, and solvent capabilities of water, which are essential for various biochemical processes. 2. The pH of a solution is determined by the _______ of hydrogen ions (H+). Answer: Concentration. The pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, with lower pH values indicating higher concentrations. 3. A buffer solution is one that maintains its pH upon the addition of small amounts of strong acid or base. Answer: True. Buffers resist changes in pH because they contain a weak acid and its conjugate base, which can neutralize added acids or bases. 4. Which of the following is NOT a property of water that contributes to its role as a vital solvent in biological systems? A) High specific heat B) Low vapor pressure C) High boiling point D) Low dielectric constant Answer: D) Low dielectric constant. Water has a high dielectric constant, which allows it to dissolve ionic compounds effectively. 5. Explain the role of buffers in maintaining the pH of blood. Answer: Buffers in blood, primarily the bicarbonate buffer system, help maintain pH by reacting with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the pH is decreasing or increasing. This system is crucial for keeping the blood pH within the narrow range necessary for proper physiological function. 6. The unique properties of water are largely due to its _______ bonds. Answer: Hydrogen. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules are