1. Which of the following statements best describes the role

of witches in medieval Europe?

a) Witches were women who practiced magic and

herbalism, often in secret, and were persecuted by the

church and the state.

b) Witches were women who rebelled against the

patriarchal and feudal system, and formed alliances with

other marginalized groups.

c) Witches were women who had special powers and

knowledge, and were respected and consulted by their

communities.

d) Witches were women who were accused of causing

harm and misfortune, and were tortured and executed by

the inquisition. *

Rationale: The term witch was used to label women who

were seen as a threat to the established order, and who were

scapegoated for various social and natural problems. The

witch-hunts were a form of gendered violence that aimed to

eliminate women's agency and autonomy.

2. What is the difference between a wise woman and a

midwife in pre-modern societies?

a) A wise woman was a general healer who treated various

ailments, while a midwife was a specialist in childbirth. *

b) A wise woman was a spiritual leader who performed

rituals and ceremonies, while a midwife was a practical

helper who assisted in labor.

c) A wise woman was an elder who passed on oral

traditions and folklore, while a midwife was a younger