Chapter 1 1) This chapter begins with a commonly heard opinion: "People are pretty much the same all over the world." Why is this assumption often wrong? How might your consideration of this understanding affect how you would design an anthropological study? 2) What is culture? How do anthropologists define and study culture? 3) What does holism refer to? Why is the concept central to anthropology? How does this concept relate to the "four-field" approach within the discipline? Have you encountered this concept in any of your other classes? 4) This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally? 5) To what does biocultural perspective refer? If you are planning to major in the biological sciences or planning a career as a medical doctor or clinical researcher, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? If you are thinking of majoring in the humanities, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? 6) This chapter considers differences and similarities between anthropology and other academic fields such as sociology. What about history? Version 19 2 7) Anthropology is the study of A) the psychological stages of human development. B) myths in industrial societies. C) the evolution of religion. D) long-term psychological adaptation. E) humans around the world and through time. Version 19 3 8) Anthropology as a holistic science refers to the study of the whole of the human condition: the past, the present, and the future of blank. A) math, physics, and astronomy B) faith and religion across the world C) biology, society, language, and culture D) geography and cartography E) ancient civilizations and archaeological remains 9) As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products A) are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants. B) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. C) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. D) prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. E) have made some human groups more cultured than others. 10) Which of the following statements about culture is false? A) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. B) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation. Version 19 4 11) What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A) biological adaptation B) ethnology C) enculturation D) ethnography E) acculturation 12) This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates A) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. B) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. C) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. D) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. E) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments. 13) The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation? A) short-term physiological adaptation B) long-term physiological adaptation C) cultural adaptation D) symbolic adaptation E) genetic adaptatio