1. What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients? A) Prerenal AKI due to hypovolemia or hypotension B) Intrinsic AKI due to glomerulonephritis or tubular necrosis C) Postrenal AKI due to urinary obstruction or nephrolithiasis D) Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes or hypertension Answer: A 2. What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE)? A) Chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, and hypoxia B) Cough, hemoptysis, fever, and leukocytosis C) Wheezes, stridor, cyanosis, and hypercapnia D) Pleural effusion, dysphonia, hoarseness, and Horner's syndrome Answer: A 3. What are the risk factors for developing pressure ulcers in bedridden patients? A) Age, immobility, malnutrition, and moisture B) Smoking, obesity, diabetes, and infection C) Anemia, hypotension, edema, and venous stasis D) Allergy, friction, shear, and trauma Answer: A 4. What are the criteria for diagnosing sepsis according to the Sepsis-3 definition? A) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) plus confirmed or suspected infection B) SIRS plus organ dysfunction or hypoperfusion C) Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection D) Infection plus lactate > 2 mmol/L or hypotension requiring vasopressors Answer: C 5. What are the common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB)? A) Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tear B) Diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, ischemic colitis, and colon cancer C) Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, and Meckel's diverticulum D) Cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis Answer: A