Acquittal - The judgement of a court that the defender is not guilty. Adjucation - Determination of guilt or innocence -- a judgement concerning criminal charges. Adult - A person considered a criminal, not a juvenile delinquent, because his or her age was above a standard limit, usually 16 or 17. Alternative Facility - A place of limited confinement for certain types of offenders, including minimum-security facilities for communities or treatment locations for those with drug problems. Less secure, but more stimulating. Appeal - A request by either defense or prosecution (called the appellant) that a case be bumped up to a higher court. Arraignment - When someone appears in court, is informed of the accusations against him or her, and offers a plea. Assault - Unlawfully and intentionally causing or threatening harm to another person. Aggravated means it causes or threatens serious injury, maybe with a deadly weapon; simple is less than serious injuries without deadly weapons. Backlog - The number of cases that go over the court's capacity, and can't be dealt with because the court is busy. Booking - The police record an arrest and identify who, where, when, who did the arresting, and why. CCH - Computerized criminal history Community Facility - A correctional facility people can come and go from regularly to use communal resources like schools, or to get a job. Complaint - A formal written accusation made by anyone, usually a prosecutor who's granted it, and filed in court, alleging that a specific person has committed a specific offense. A prosecutor can deny it and not seek indictment, or it can be requested by the police. Confinement Facility - A correctional facility which the inmates can't leave regularly. Folkways - Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture Friedensgeld - The practice of paying restitution for crime to both the victim and the Crown. Mores - Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance Lex Talionis - Law of retribution; "an eye for an eye." Lex Eterna - One of the major terms describing eternal law, intended for the common good. It cannot be changed by humans. Lex Naturalis - Legal theory that there are laws that occur naturally and across cultures. Lex Humana - Laws that are enacted by human beings Lex Salica - Also known as wergild, a fine that was paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he had injured or killed. Was class-dependent. Cesare Beccaria - (1738-1794) One of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people committed crime. Bridewell - A workhouse created for the employment and housing of London's unemployed or underemployed working classes. Walnut Street Jail - The first public institution to specifically use imprisonment as the primary method of reforming offenders. Created by Quakers. Hospice of San Michele - A corrections facility designed for incorrigible boys and youth, and included silence, large work areas, and separate sleeping cells. Both expiation and reform were intended goals. Pennsylvania System - A system of prison administration in which inmates lived in solitary confinement, total silence, and religious penitence as the way to prevent future criminal behavior. Irish System - A prison management scheme with multiple stages of control, allowing the inmate to earn higher stages until released when penitence was achieved; release was on a revocable "ticket of leave" or conditional pardon. Lockstep - A manner of marching in file in which each person's leg moves with and behind the corresponding leg of the person ahead. Auburn System - Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day. Ashurst-Sumners Act - Federal legislation of 1935 that effectively ended the industrial prison era by restricting interstate commerce in prison-made goods. Hawes-Cooper Act - This act required that prison products were subject to the laws of any state to which they were shipped Lock Psychosis - Term denoting overconcentration of prison administrators with security and community protection. to be accomplished through extensive use of locks, head counts, and internal control of inmates.