1. What are the three phases of a crisis according to the Crisis Intervention Model? Explain each phase

briefly and give an example of a crisis situation that fits each phase. (3 points)

- The three phases of a crisis are: pre-crisis, acute crisis, and post-crisis.

- The pre-crisis phase is the period before the crisis occurs, when the person or system is functioning

normally or with some stressors that are manageable. An example of a pre-crisis situation is a student who is

preparing for an exam and feeling some anxiety but confident in their abilities.

- The acute crisis phase is the period when the crisis occurs, when the person or system is overwhelmed by a

sudden, unexpected, or traumatic event that threatens their safety, well-being, or survival. An example of an

acute crisis situation is a student who witnesses a shooting on campus and experiences fear, shock, and

helplessness.

- The post-crisis phase is the period after the crisis has subsided, when the person or system is recovering

from the impact of the event and trying to restore their normal functioning or adapt to a new reality. An

example of a post-crisis situation is a student who receives counseling and support after the shooting and

gradually resumes their academic and social activities.

2. What are the four goals of crisis intervention? Explain each goal briefly and give an example of how it

can be achieved in a crisis situation. (4 points)

- The four goals of crisis intervention are: mitigate the impact of the event, facilitate understanding of the

event, provide emotional support, and promote coping skills.

- Mitigating the impact of the event means reducing the severity and duration of the distress caused by the

crisis and preventing further harm or complications. An example of how this can be achieved is by

providing immediate medical care to an injured person or evacuating people from a dangerous area.

- Facilitating understanding of the event means helping the person or system to make sense of what

happened, why it happened, and what it means for them. An example of how this can be achieved is by

providing accurate information about the event and its causes and consequences, correcting any

misconceptions or rumors, and validating their feelings and reactions.

- Providing emotional support means offering empathy, compassion, and reassurance to the person or

system who is experiencing a range of emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, guilt, or shame. An example of

how this can be achieved is by listening actively and attentively to their concerns, expressing care and

concern, and affirming their strengths and resources.

- Promoting coping skills means enhancing the person or system's ability to deal with the stress and

challenges posed by the crisis and to restore their functioning or adapt to a new situation. An example of

how this can be achieved is by teaching relaxation techniques, problem-solving strategies, positive self-talk,

or referral to other sources of help.

3. What are some common signs and symptoms of psychological distress in individuals who have

experienced a critical incident? List at least five signs or symptoms and explain how they may affect the

person's functioning. (5 points)

- Some common signs and symptoms of psychological distress in individuals who have experienced a

critical incident are: intrusive thoughts or memories of the event, nightmares or flashbacks, avoidance of

reminders of the event, hyperarousal or hypervigilance, emotional numbing or detachment, anxiety or panic

attacks, depression or hopelessness, anger or irritability, guilt or self-blame, impaired concentration or

memory, difficulty sleeping or eating, substance abuse or self-harm, social withdrawal or isolation, loss of

interest or pleasure in activities, reduced performance or productivity.