Equivalents Metric Equivalents Household Equivalents Approximate Equivalents 1 g 1,000 mg 1,000,000 mcg 3 t 1 T 1 t 5 mL 0.001 g 1 mg 1,000 mcg 2 T 1 fl oz 1 T 3 t 15 mL 1 2 fl oz 0.000001 g 0.001 mg 1 mcg 1 cup 8 fl oz 1 fl oz 30 mL 6 t 1 kg 1,000 g 1 pt 16 fl oz 2 cups 1 L 1 qt 32 fl oz 2 pt 4 cups 1 L 1,000 mL 1 qt 2 pt 4 cups 32 fl oz 1 pt 16 fl oz 2 cups 0.001 L 1 mL 1 lb 16 oz 1 cup 8 fl oz 240 mL 1 m 100 cm 1,000 mm 1 kg 2.2 lb 0.01 m 1 cm 10 mm 1 in 2.5 cm 0.001 m 0.1 cm 1 mm Common Calculations Dosage: Formula Method Step 1. Convert Step 2. Think Step 3. Calculate: D H Q X Dosage: Ratio-Proportion Method Step 1. Convert Step 2. Think Step 3. Calculate: A D m os o a u g n e t o o n n h h a a n n d d X D A o m sa o g u e n d t e d s e i s re ir d ed Dosage: Dimensional Analysis Method Step 1. Determine unit of measure for amount to give ratio for left side of equation Step 2. Think Step 3. Match unit of numerator of supply dosage ratio with unit of numerator of amount to give ratio. Set up all other ratios so units cancel, leaving unit of amount to give. Calculate: Amount Supply Conversion Ordered to Give Dosage Factor Dosage Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Common Medical Abbreviations Abbreviation Interpretation Abbreviation Interpretation Route: Frequency: IM intramuscular q.h every hour IV intravenous q.2h every two hours IV PB intravenous piggyback q.3h every three hours subcut subcutaneous q.4h every four hours SL sublingual, under the tongue q.6h every six hours ID intradermal q.8h every eight hours GT gastrostomy tube q.12h every twelve hours NG nasogastric tube General: NJ nasojejunal tube a before p.o. by mouth, orally p after p.r. per rectum, rectally c with Frequency: s without a.c. before meals q every p.c. after meals qs quantity sufficient ad. lib. as desired, freely aq water p.r.n. when necessary NPO nothing by mouth stat immediately, at once gtt drop b.i.d. twice a day tab tablet t.i.d. three times a day cap capsule q.i.d. four times a day et and min minute noct night h hour Temperature Conversions Celsius: °C °F 1 .8 32 Fahrenheit: °F 1.8°C 32 IV Flow Rate T T o o ta t l al m h L mL/h T T o o t t a a l l m m i L n 60 min/h mL/h T V ( ( m m i L n ) ) C (gtt/mL) R (gtt/min) Shortcut IV Flow Rate: R (gtt/min) Body Surface Area Metric BSA: m2 ht (cm 3 ) , 600 wt (kg) Household BSA: m2 ht (in) 3, 13 w 1 t (lb) mL/h Drop factor constant Downloaded by SAMUEL WAM (samek2029@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|13778330 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by SAMUEL WAM (samek2029@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|13778330 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Downloaded by SAMUEL WAM (samek2029@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|13778330 Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Gloria D. Pickar, EdD, RN Group President & Chief Academic Officer Former Academic Dean EmbanetCompass Seminole State College of Florida Orlando, Chicago, Toronto Sanford, Florida Amy Pickar Abernethy, MD Associate Professor of Medicine and Nursing Duke University Durham, North Carolina Downloaded by SAMUEL WAM (samek2029@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|13778330 Dosage Calculations, Ninth Edition Gloria D. Pickar, EdD, RN and Amy Pickar Abernethy, MD Vice President, Editorial: Dave Garza Executive Editor: Stephen Helba Senior Acquisitions Editor: Maureen Rosener Managing Editor: Marah Bellegarde Senior Product Manager: Elisabeth F. Williams Editorial Assistant: Samantha Miller Vice President, Marketing: Jennifer Baker Marketing Director: Wendy E. Mapstone Executive Marketing Manager: Michele McTighe Associate Marketing Manager: Scott A. Chrysler Production Manager: Andrew Crouth Content Project Manager: Allyson Bozeth Senior Art Director: Jack Pendleton © 2013, 2007 Delmar Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926858 ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-5847-3 ISBN-10: 1-4390-5847-4 Delmar 5 Maxwell Drive Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Delmar, visit www.cengage.com/delmar Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.co Downloaded by SAMUEL WAM (samek2029@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|13778330 iii Contents Preface vi Acknowledgments xi Introduction to the Learner xii Using This Book xiii SECTION 1 Pretest and Mathematics Review 1 Essential Skills Evaluation: Pretest 3 Essential Skills Evaluation: Pretest Answer Sheet 21 Mathematics Diagnostic Evaluation 28 ■ 1 Fractions and Decimals 31 Fractions 31 Types of Fractions 32 Equivalent Fractions 33 Conversion 34 Comparing Fractions 35 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 38 Multiplication of Fractions 41 Division of Fractions 43 Decimals 47 Decimal Fractions and Decimal Numbers 47 Comparing Decimals 50 Conversion between Fractions and Decimals 51 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals 54 Multiplying Decimals 56 Dividing Decimals 57 Rounding Decimals 58 ■ 2 Ratios, Percents, Simple Equations, and Ratio-Proportion 63 Ratios and Percents 64 Ratios 64 Percents 64 Converting Among Ratios, Percents, Fractions, and Decimals 64 Comparing Percents and Ratios 66 Solving Simple Equations for X 68 Ratio-Proportion: Cross-Multiplying to Solve for X 72 Finding the Percentage of a Quantity 76 Section 1 Self-Evaluation 80 SECTION 2 Measurement Systems, Drug Orders, and Drug Labels 83 ■ 3 Systems of Measurement 85 Metric System 85 Apothecary and Household Systems 89 Other Common Drug Measurements: Units and Milliequivalents 91 ■ 4 Conversions: Metric and Household Systems 97 Identifying Need for Unit Conversion 98 Converting from One Unit to Another Using the Conversion Factor Method 99 Converting within the Metric System 100 Approximate Equivalents 105 Converting Between Systems of Measurement Using the Conversion Factor Method 105 ■ 5 Conversions for Other Clinical Applications: Time and Temperature 113 Converting Between Traditional and International Time 113 Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature 116 ■ 6 Equipment Used in Dosage Measurement 123 Oral Administration 123 Medicine Cup 123 Calibrated Dropper 124 Pediatric Oral Devices 125 Parenteral Administration 125 3 mL Syringe 125 Prefilled Single-Dose Syringe 126 Insulin Syringe 127 1 mL Syringe 128 Safety Syringe 128 Intravenous Syringe 129 Needleless Syring