Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet Covers Material from Modules 1-10 NEED A 58% TO PASS
Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the
Final exam
1. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.
 homeostasis – a state in which all systems are in balance, a state of equilibrium
o stability, balance, equilibrium
 allostasis- ability to successfully adapt to challenges;
o process to bring back to homeostasis from disturbance
Homeostatic Systems-
 ex) central chemoreceptor (receptors that detect changes in our systems) responses to
changes in body core temperature
 Stress and Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
2. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary,
secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each.
epidemiology: study of the patterns involving populations to understand the transmission of diseases
a. Examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in
large groups of populations/people
b. Florence Nightingale- first practicing epidemiologists to start making changes in her patients’
lives
i. Handwashing
c. Levels of Disease Prevention:
i. Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons;
1. Primary = prevention
2. Ex) immunizations: designed to introduce portions of the disease to prepare body
to attack that infection
ii. Secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease
1. Secondary= Screening
2. Ex) cancer screening, performing monthly breast examinations, weight
monitoring, BP monitoring
iii. Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective
functioning
1. Tertiary=Therapy
2. focuses on restoration of functional ability after illness
Ex) Physical Therapy or Occupational Therapy following stroke
3. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What
happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response?
Parasympathetic Nervous System vs. Sympathetic Nervous Systems
Parasympathetic: Rest & Digest Sympathetic: Fight or Flight
Constricted pupils Dilate pupils
Stimulate saliva Inhibit salivation
Slow heartbeat Increase heart beat
Constrict airways Relaxed airways- increased respirations
Stimulate activity of stomach Inhibit activity of stomach- Gastrointestinal
system suppressed; lost appetite under stress
Inhibit release of glucose Stimulates release of glucose
Stimulate gallbladder Inhibits gallbladder
Stimulate activity of intestines Inhibits activities of intestines
Contracts bladder Relax bladder- GU function suppressed
Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine