Exam 2: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam Review |Modules 4-6| Complete Guide with Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Rasmussen

Exam 2: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/

2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology

Exam Review |Modules 4-6| Complete Guide

with Verified Answers| 100% CorrectRasmussen

Q: What is emesis?

Answer:

vomiting

Q: what is the etiology of vomiting/emesis?

Answer:

1. protective (drug/ETOH overdose, infection)

2. obstructions

3. pain associated w other pathologies

Q: what are clinical manifestations of vomiting/emesis?

Answer:

1. nausea/retching

2. color/quality: hematemesis, yellow/green, deep brown, undigested, force

Q: what are treatment implications for vomiting/emesis?

Answer:

1. treat underlying cause

2. fluid/electrolyte/acid-base balance, IV fluids, antiemetics

Q: what is the pathogenesis of vomiting/emesis (process)?

Answer:

1. medulla stimulated and coordinated reflex response through cranial nerves

2. glottis closes, soft palate rises to close airway

3. deep inspiration; diaphragm contracts

4. gastroesopheal sphincter and fundus of stimach relax

5. abdominal muscles contract forcefully

6. anti-peristalic waves

Q: what is the vomit/emesis center?

Answer:

medulla

Q: What is a hiatal hernia (pathogenesis)?

Answer:

1. weakened diaphragm allows stomach to protrude through opening

2. inflammation of esophagus

Q: what is the etiology of a hiatal hernia?

Answer:

1. increased intrathoracic pressure (vomiting straining w/ BM)

2. increased intraabdominal pressure (pregnancy, obesity)

Q: what are clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia?

Answer:

1. indigestion, heartburn (pyrosis), belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia

2. WORSE after meals, when sitting/lying

Q: How is a hiatal hernia diagnosed?

Answer:

1. H&P

2. barium swallow

3. X-ray

4. manometry

5. EDG

Q: what are treatment implications of hiatal hernia?

Answer:

1. strategies to reduce regurgitation

- small means

- positioning

2. loose weight

3. dont smoke

4. stress management

5. meds

6. surgery if severe

Q: What is GERD?

Answer:

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Q: what is the pathogenesis of GERD?

Answer:

incompetent LES (decreased LES pressure or increased stomach pressure) allows gastic content

to flow into and irritate esophagus

Q: what is the etiology of GERD?

Answer:

1. food (chocolate, ETOH, nicotine, caffeine, citrus, spicy/fatty foods, peppermint

2. pregnancy/obesity

3. medications

4. NG tube

5. delayed gastric emptying

Q: what are clinical manifestations of GERD?

Answer:

1. heartburn, epigastric pain, dysphagia, nausea, dry cough, regurgitation, sensation of lump in

throat

2. strictures, ulcerations, esphageal cancer, asthema (bigger issues)

Q: How is GERD diagnosed?

Answer:

1. H&P

2. barium swollow

3. EGD

4. esphageal PH monitoring

5. manometry

Q: what are treatment implications for GERD?

Answer:

1. avoid triggers

2. medications for symptoms