Respiration - answerexchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism 3 Steps of the process of oxygenation: - answer1. Ventilation 2. Perfusion 3. Diffusion (1) Ventilation - answerprocess of moving gases into and out of lungs The Major inspiratory muscle of respiration is the ________________. - answerDiaphragm (2) Perfusion - answerthe ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs (3) Diffusion - answerthe process of exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries Work of Breathing (WOB) - answerthe effort required to expand and contract the lungs The amount of energy expended on breathing depends on: (3) - answer- rate and depth of breathing - the ease in which the lungs can be expanded (compliance) - airway resistance Inspiration - answeractive process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta Expiration - answerpassive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work Surfactant - answera chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing. Patients with advanced _________________ lose the elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax. - answerChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Atelectasis - answera collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Compliance - answerthe ability of lungs to distend or expand in response to increased intra-alveolar pressure Airway Resistance - answerthe increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airway decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli Tidal Volume - answerthe amount of air following a normal inspiration Residual Volume - answeramount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration Forced Vital Capacity - answermaximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration Pulmonary Circulation - answermoves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange Deoxygenation - answerReduced Hemoglobin _______________ and ______________ regulators control the process of respiration. - answerNeural and Chemical Cardiopulmonary Physiology involves: - answerdelivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in CO2 and low in O2) to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. Cardiac Output - answeramount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute Stroke Volume - answeramount of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction. It can be affected by: the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (preload), the resistance to left ventricular ejection (after load), and myocardial contractility. Preload - answerthe amount of blood in the left ventricle a the end of diastole (end-diastolic pressure) Afterload - answerresistance to left ventricular ejection Cardiac Output (CO) = - answerStroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR) The rhythmic relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles depend on continuous, organized transmission of ___________________________. - answerelectrical impulses ECG - answerreflects the electrical activity of the conduction system Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) - answerNormal sequence on the ECG P Wave: - answerConduction through both atria