1. A 65-year-old female patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis after a

bone mineral density (BMD) test. Which of the following factors could

have contributed to her condition?

a) Early menopause

b) Low calcium intake

c) Smoking

d) All of the above *

Rationale: All of the factors listed can increase the risk of osteoporosis by

affecting bone formation and resorption. Early menopause causes a

decrease in estrogen, which protects bone density. Low calcium intake

reduces the availability of calcium for bone mineralization. Smoking

impairs blood flow to the bones and reduces the absorption of calcium.

2. A 70-year-old male patient with osteoporosis is prescribed alendronate,

a bisphosphonate drug, to prevent further bone loss. What is the

mechanism of action of this drug?

a) It stimulates osteoblasts to produce more bone matrix

b) It inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone tissue *

c) It increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine

d) It enhances the activation of vitamin D in the kidney

Rationale: Bisphosphonates are antiresorptive drugs that bind to bone

surfaces and inhibit osteoclasts from dissolving bone minerals. They do

not affect osteoblasts, calcium absorption, or vitamin D metabolism.

3. A 60-year-old female patient with osteoporosis is advised to increase

her physical activity to improve her bone health. Which of the following

types of exercise is most beneficial for her condition?

a) Swimming

b) Cycling

c) Walking *

d) Yoga

Rationale: Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, or

dancing, are recommended for osteoporosis patients because they

stimulate bone formation and increase bone strength. Non-weight-bearing

exercises, such as swimming, cycling, or yoga, are good for general health

but do not have the same effect on bone density.