1. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? A. Mean B. Standard deviation C. Median D. Mode Answer: B. Standard deviation Rationale: Standard deviation is a measure of variability, not central tendency. 2. What does a P value represent in statistical analysis? A. The probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true B. The strength of the relationship between variables C. The likelihood of a Type II error D. The confidence interval of the study Answer: A. The probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true Rationale: The P value indicates the probability of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis is true. 3. In experimental design, what is a true experimental design characterized by? A. Random assignment of participants to groups B. Observing participants in their natural environment C. Lack of control group D. Quasi-experimental design Answer: A. Random assignment of participants to groups Rationale: True experimental designs involve random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups.