1. What is the difference between public health and clinical medicine? Provide an example of each.

- Public health is the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of populations through

prevention, promotion, and policy. Clinical medicine is the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries

in individual patients. An example of public health is immunization programs that prevent outbreaks of

infectious diseases. An example of clinical medicine is prescribing antibiotics to a patient with pneumonia.

2. What are the three core functions and 10 essential services of public health? List and briefly describe each

one.

- The three core functions of public health are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment

is the systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on the health status, needs, and

resources of a community. Policy development is the formulation of evidence-based policies and plans that

address public health problems and priorities. Assurance is the provision of essential public health services

and enforcement of public health laws and regulations.

- The 10 essential services of public health are:

 - Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems.

 - Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.

 - Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.

 - Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems.

 - Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.

 - Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.

 - Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise

unavailable.

 - Assure competent public and personal health care workforce.

- Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.

 - Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.

3. What are the determinants of health? How do they interact to influence health outcomes?

- The determinants of health are the factors that affect the health status of individuals and populations. They

include biological, behavioral, social, environmental, economic, and political factors. They interact in

complex ways to influence health outcomes. For example, a person's genetic makeup may predispose them

to certain diseases, but their lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, smoking, etc., may modify their risk.

Similarly, a person's social environment, such as family, friends, education, income, etc., may affect their

access to health care, exposure to stressors, coping skills, etc., which in turn may affect their health

outcomes