1. Multiple Choice: Which theory suggests that learning involves a change in mental structures? a) Behaviorism b) Constructivism c) Cognitivism d) Humanism Correct Answer: b) Constructivism Rationale: Constructivism posits that learning is an active, constructive process where learners build new ideas upon their current knowledge. 2. True/False: Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Answer: True Rationale: Classical conditioning, first described by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response with a new (conditioned) stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response. 3. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior. Answer: Learning Rationale: Learning is defined as a change in behavior or