1. What are the four main types of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and what are some common risk

factors for them?

Answer: The four main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and

diabetes. Some common risk factors for them are tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity,

unhealthy diet, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose and high cholesterol. Rationale: These risk

factors are modifiable and can be reduced by adopting healthy behaviors and policies.

2. How does smoking affect the risk of developing lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD)?

Answer: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and COPD, as it damages the cells that line the lungs

and causes inflammation and scarring of the airways. Smoking also reduces the lung function and the ability

to clear mucus and bacteria from the lungs, increasing the risk of infections and exacerbations. Rationale:

Smoking is a carcinogen and a major risk factor for lung cancer and COPD, which are both preventable by

quitting smoking.

3. What are some dietary factors that can increase or decrease the risk of colorectal cancer?

Answer: Some dietary factors that can increase the risk of colorectal cancer are high intake of red and

processed meat, low intake of dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, high intake of alcohol and obesity. Some

dietary factors that can decrease the risk of colorectal cancer are high intake of dietary fiber, fruits and

vegetables, low intake of red and processed meat, moderate intake of alcohol and maintaining a healthy

weight. Rationale: These dietary factors can affect the metabolism and composition of the gut microbiota,

which can influence the development of colorectal cancer.

4. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and what are some preventive measures for

type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas,

resulting in a lack of insulin and high blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that

causes insulin resistance, meaning that the cells do not respond well to insulin and cannot take up glucose

from the blood. Some preventive measures for type 2 diabetes are regular physical activity, healthy diet,

weight management, avoiding tobacco use and managing stress. Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is not

preventable but can be managed with insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable by modifying

lifestyle factors that affect insulin sensitivity