1. What are the three main modes of transmission of infectious agents?

Give an example of each mode.

- The three main modes of transmission are contact, droplet and airborne.

Contact transmission occurs when an infected person or a contaminated

object directly or indirectly touches a susceptible host. An example is

skin-to-skin contact with a person who has chickenpox. Droplet

transmission occurs when respiratory droplets from an infected person are

propelled by coughing, sneezing or talking to the mucous membranes of a

susceptible host. An example is influenza. Airborne transmission occurs

when small particles containing infectious agents remain suspended in the

air and are inhaled by a susceptible host. An example is tuberculosis.

2. What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission of

infectious agents? Give an example of each type.

- Horizontal transmission is the transfer of infectious agents from one

individual to another within the same generation or population. An

example is sexual transmission of HIV. Vertical transmission is the

transfer of infectious agents from a parent to an offspring, either before or

after birth. An example is congenital syphilis.

3. What are the four factors that influence the transmission of infectious

agents? Explain how each factor affects transmission.

- The four factors are agent, host, environment and time. Agent refers to

the characteristics of the infectious agent, such as virulence, infectivity,

pathogenicity and antigenicity. These determine how easily and how

severely the agent can infect and cause disease in a host. Host refers to the

characteristics of the susceptible host, such as immunity, genetic

susceptibility, age, sex, behavior and health status. These determine how 

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