1. What are the three core functions of public health? Explain each function briefly and give an example of

how it is applied in community health practice.

- The three core functions of public health are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment

is the process of collecting and analyzing data on the health status, needs, and resources of a population.

Policy development is the process of creating and implementing plans, laws, and regulations to address

public health problems. Assurance is the process of ensuring that public health services are accessible,

effective, and equitable for all members of a community.

- An example of assessment is conducting a community health needs assessment to identify the priority

health issues and gaps in service delivery. An example of policy development is advocating for smoke-free

policies to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke and prevent chronic diseases. An example of assurance is

monitoring the quality and outcomes of immunization programs to prevent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable

diseases.

2. What are the five levels of prevention in the Leavell and Clark model? Give an example of a community

health intervention for each level.

- The five levels of prevention in the Leavell and Clark model are primordial prevention, primary

prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention, and quaternary prevention. Primordial prevention

aims to prevent the emergence or development of risk factors that may lead to disease. Primary prevention

aims to reduce the exposure or susceptibility to disease-causing agents or behaviors. Secondary prevention

aims to detect and treat disease at an early stage to prevent complications or disability. Tertiary prevention

aims to rehabilitate and restore function after a disease has caused damage or impairment. Quaternary

prevention aims to avoid or minimize the harm or waste associated with unnecessary or excessive

interventions.

- An example of primordial prevention is promoting healthy lifestyles and environments to prevent chronic

diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An example of primary prevention is providing

condoms and education to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. An example of

secondary prevention is screening for cervical cancer and providing treatment for precancerous lesions. An

example of tertiary prevention is providing physical therapy and assistive devices for stroke survivors. An

example of quaternary prevention is implementing guidelines and protocols to reduce overdiagnosis and

overtreatment of common conditions such as hypertension and depression.

3. What are the four principles of community engagement? Describe how each principle can be applied in a

community health project.

- The four principles of community engagement are respect, reciprocity, relevance, and responsiveness.

Respect means acknowledging and valuing the diversity, knowledge, perspectives, and experiences of

community members. Reciprocity means sharing benefits, responsibilities, and power with community

members in a mutually beneficial way. Relevance means addressing the needs, interests, and priorities of

community members in a meaningful way. Responsiveness means adapting to the changing context,

feedback, and expectations of community members in a flexible way.

- An example of respect is involving community members in the design, implementation, and evaluation of

a community health project from the beginning. An example of reciprocity is providing incentives,

recognition, or capacity-building opportunities for community members who participate in a community

health project. An example of relevance is using culturally appropriate methods, materials, and messages in

a community health project. An example of responsiveness is modifying a community health project based

on the results of monitoring and evaluation or the input of community members.