HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2023 With Complete Solution

HMX Immunology Final Exam Study

Guide 2023 With Complete Solution

Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types)

Ans- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells

Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types)

Ans- Monocytes and neutrophils

Phagocytic immune cells (2 types)

Ans- Macrophages and neutrophils

Difference between macrophages and neutrophils?

Ans- Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe;

macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste

General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?)

Ans- Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory

molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes,

fluid, and proteins into tissue

Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation?

Ans- Mast cell

Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls?

Ans- Adhesion molecules

E-Selectin

Ans- An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate

immune response (low-affinity interaction)

E-Selectin Ligand

Ans- A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel

endothelium in innate immune response

ICAM-1

Ans- An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel

endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)

Integrins (and the name of a specific one)

Ans- A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to

ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response

Stable Arrest Ans- When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium

thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue

Pus Ans- Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory

response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)

Psoriasis overview Ans- Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis;

Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an

inflammatory response

Psoriasis risk factors Ans- History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative

with psoriasis

TNF-alpha in psoriasis Ans- A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that

recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce

thickened/raised patches

Psoriasis treatment (biologics) Ans- Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha

and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and

prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells

Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules Ans- Susceptibility

to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue

Most abundant leukocyte Ans- Neutrophils

What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? Ans- Extracellular

bacterial infections

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell Ans- A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases

type 1 interferons

Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing

them Ans- Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection;

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

The Antiviral State Ans- Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I

Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected

cells will die, RNAse activity is induced

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Ans- Molecules that are commonly

expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can

be on cell surface or released from cells

Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs Ans- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin