Human Growth and Development Across the Lifespan Final Exam -WGU Certified Exam Questions and Correct Answers 2024 Which of the following is Piaget's stage of cognitive development for infancy? sensorimotor According to Piaget, one of the most important accomplishments in infancy is the development of object permanence. Piaget suggested that the third substage of the sensorimotor stage occurred between ages 4 and 8 months Piaget's fifth substage of the sensorimotor period involves __________ circular reactions. tertiary ____________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Assimilation Andrew Meltzoff is known for studying "gaze following." The term ___________ refers to memory without conscious recollection. implicit memory __________ is a form of communication based on a system of symbols. Language The placement of words, such as where an adjective would be in a sentence, is called syntax. What is a characteristic of children with intellectual disability (formerly known as mental retardation)? They usually have difficulty adapting to everyday life On average, infants understand ___ words at 13 months. 50 __________ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers. Telegraphic speech A 20-month-old child would most likely communicate with two-word utterances. Which statement regarding gender and socioemotional development is accurate? Relational aggression makes up a larger percentage of overall aggression in girls than it does in boys. _________ is a biological endowment that enables children to detect certain language categories such as phonology, syntax, and semantics. A language acquisition device When Jacob says "Me big boy!" his mother replies "Yes, you are a big boy!" This is known as expanding. What is one way that schools foster children's development? Encouraging development of a growth mindset Researchers conclude that the _________ immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year. structural Stranger anxiety usually emerges gradually. It appears at about ______, and peaks at about _______. 6 months, 12 months For the average infant, social smiles begin to appear at 2 months. Baby Joshua lets out a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding. This pattern can best be described as a (an): pain cry Which set of descriptors is associated with a famous study of infant temperament? easy child, difficult child, and slow-to-warm-up child Baby Elizabeth has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. She would best be described as slow to warm up. An inhibited temperament is associated with high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe __________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. Goodness of fit According to Bowlby, in which phase do infants develop specific attachments? phase 3 Mai uses her mother as a secure base from which to explore her environment. Which type of baby would she be classified as? inconsistently available and usually not affectionate How can a caregiver help a child successfully complete Erikson's fourth stage of development? Encourage the child to make or build things. __________ is parental behavior that supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they were to rely solely on their own abilities. Scaffolding During early childhood, the average child grows ______ inches per year. 2½ Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye coordination is not complete until 4 years of age Which theory states moral reasoning is based on stages of cognitive development? Kohlberg's theory What is one of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood, associated with failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables? Iron deficiency anemia Which stage of cognitive development occurs between ages 2 and 4 years and involves the child's ability to mentally represent an object that is not present?