1. A 25-year-old male athlete presents to the clinic with a complaint of

recurrent ankle sprains. He reports that he sprains his ankle at least once a

month during soccer practice or games. He says that he usually rests for a

few days and then resumes his activities without any intervention. What is

the most likely cause of his recurrent ankle sprains?

a) Inadequate warm-up before exercise

b) Poor footwear

c) Ligamentous laxity*

d) Muscle weakness

Rationale: Ligamentous laxity is a condition where the ligaments that

support the joint are loose and allow excessive movement. This can increase

the risk of joint injury, especially in high-impact sports like soccer.

Inadequate warm-up, poor footwear, and muscle weakness can also

contribute to ankle sprains, but they are not the primary cause.

2. A 32-year-old female athlete is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia

after a routine blood test. She reports feeling tired, weak, and short of breath

during her training sessions. She says that she follows a vegetarian diet and

does not take any supplements. What is the best dietary advice for her to

improve her iron status?

a) Increase her intake of green leafy vegetables, beans, and nuts

b) Consume foods rich in vitamin C along with iron sources to enhance

absorption

c) Include animal sources of iron such as eggs, dairy, and fish in her diet*

d) Take an iron supplement as prescribed by her doctor

Rationale: Animal sources of iron are more bioavailable than plant sources

and can help increase the iron stores in the body. Vitamin C can enhance the

absorption of non-heme iron from plant sources, but it is not sufficient to

correct iron-deficiency anemia. Green leafy vegetables, beans, and nuts are

good sources of iron, but they also contain phytates and oxalates that can

inhibit iron absorption. Iron supplements can be effective, but they can also

cause side effects such as constipation, nausea, and stomach upset.

3. A 28-year-old male athlete suffers a concussion after a collision with

another player during a rugby match. He is taken to the emergency

department where he undergoes a neurological assessment and a CT scan.

The scan shows no evidence of bleeding or swelling in the brain. He is

discharged with instructions to rest and avoid any physical or mental

exertion for at least 24 hours. What are some of the signs and symptoms

that he should monitor for and report to his doctor if they occur?

a) Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting*

b) Fever, chills, rash, sore throat

c) Chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating

d) Abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, gas

Rationale: Headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting are common signs

and symptoms of concussion that may indicate increased intracranial

pressure or brain injury. They should be reported to the doctor immediately

if they worsen or persist. Fever, chills, rash, and sore throat are signs of

infection that are not related to concussion. Chest pain, palpitations,