Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1 Data Collection 1.1 Introduction to the Practice of Statistics ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Observational Studies versus Designed Experiments ......................................................................................... 4 1.3 Simple Random Sampling .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Other Effective Sampling Methods .................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Bias in Sampling ............................................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 The Design of Experiments .............................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 1 Review Exercises ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 1 Test ............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Case Study: Chrysalises for Cash ................................................................................................................................ 26 Chapter 2 Summarizing Data in Tables and Graphs 2.1 Organizing Qualitative Data ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.2 Organizing Quantitative Data ........................................................................................................................... 38 2.3 Graphical Misrepresentations of Data .............................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 2 Review Exercises ........................................................................................................................................ 53 Chapter 2 Test ............................................................................................................................................................. 58 Case Study: The Day the Sky Roared.......................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 3 Numerically Summarizing Data 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency ......................................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Measures of Dispersion .................................................................................................................................... 72 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from Grouped Data ................................................................ 89 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers .................................................................................................................... 99 3.5 The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots ..................................................................................................... 106 Chapter 3 Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 3 Test ........................................................................................................................................................... 123 Case Study: Who Was “A Mourner”? ....................................................................................................................... 126 Chapter 4 Describing the Relation between Two Variables 4.1 Scatter Diagrams and Correlation ................................................................................................................... 128 4.2 Least-Squares Regression ............................................................................................................................... 149 4.3 The Coefficient of Determination ................................................................................................................... 161 4.4 Contingency Tables and Association .............................................................................................................. 165 Chapter 4 Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 178 Chapter 4 Test ........................................................................................................................................................... 184 Case Study: Thomas Malthus, Population, and Subsistence ..................................................................................... 187 Chapter 5 Probability 5.1 Probability Rules ............................................................................................................................................ 189 5.2 The Addition Rule and Complements ............................................................................................................. 198 5.3 Independence and the Multiplication Rule ..................................................................................................... 206 5.4 Conditional Probability and the General Multiplication Rule ........................................................................ 21