1. When caring for clients using evidence-informed practice, which of the following does the nurse use? a. Clinical judgement based on experience b. Evidence from a clinical research study c. The best available evidence to guide clinical expertise d. Evaluation of data showing that the client outcomes are met ANS: C Evidence-informed nursing practice is a continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care. Four primary elements are: (a) clinical state, setting, and circumstances; (b) client preferences and actions; (c) best research evidence; and (d) health care resources. Clinical judgement based on the nurse’s clinical experience is part of EIP, but clinical decision making also should incorporate current research and research-based guidelines. Evidence from one clinical research study does not provide an adequate substantiation for interventions. Evaluation of client outcomes is important, but interventions should be based on research from randomized control studies with a large number of subjects. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: Nursing Process: Planning 2. Which of the following best explains the nurses’ primary use of the nursing process when providing care to clients? a. To explain nursing interventions to other health care professionals b. As a problem-solving tool to identify and treat clients’ health care needs c. As a scientific-based process of diagnosing the client’s health care problems d. To establish nursing theory that incorporates the biopsychosocial nature of humans ANS: B The nursing process is an assertive problem-solving approach to the identification and treatment of clients’ problems. Diagnosis is only one phase of the nursing process. The primary use of the nursing process is in client care, not to establish nursing theory or explain nursing interventions to other health care professionals. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation 3. The nurse is caring for a critically ill client in the intensive care unit and plans an every 2-hour turning schedule to prevent skin breakdown. Which