Midterm Exam: NR503/ NR 503 (2023/ 2024 Update) Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles Exam Review | Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Chamberlain

Midterm Exam: NR503/ NR 503 (2023/ 2024

Update) Population Health, Epidemiology &

Statistical Principles Exam Review |

Questions and Verified Answers| 100%

Correct| Grade A

Q: What is the Campaign for Action?

Answer:

envisions a world where all Americans have access to high quality patient-centered care in a

health care system where nurses contribute as essential partners in achieving success.

Q: Primary Prevention

Answer:

Primary prevention refers to the process of altering susceptibility or reducing exposure to

susceptible individuals and includes general health promotion and specific measures designed to

prevent disease prior to a person getting disease. Interventions designed for primary prevention

are carried out during the stage of susceptibility and can include such things as providing

immunizations to change a person's susceptibility. Actions taken to prevent tobacco usage are

another example of primary prevention.

Q: Secondary Prevention

Answer:

The early detection and prompt treatment of a disease at the earliest possible stage are referred to

as secondary prevention. The goals of secondary prevention are to either identify and cure a

disease at a very early stage or slow its progression to prevent complications and limit disability.

Secondary prevention measures are carried out during the preclinical or presymptomatic stage of

disease. Screening programs are designed to detect specific diseases in their early stages while

they are curable and to prevent or reduce morbidity and mortality related to a later diagnosis of

disease. Examples of secondary prevention include the Pap smear, mentioned earlier, as well as

annual testing of cholesterol levels, mammography, and rapid HIV testing of asymptomatic

individuals.

Q: Tertiary Prevention

Answer:

Tertiary prevention strategies are implemented during the middle or late stages of clinical disease

and refer to measures taken to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Attempts are

made to slow the progression or to cure the disease. In cases in which permanent changes have

taken place, interventions are planned and designed to help people lead a productive and

satisfying life by maximizing the use of remaining capabilities (rehabilitation). Cardiac

rehabilitation programs that provide physical and occupational therapies to postoperative cardiac

patients are an example of tertiary prevention.

Q: Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it?

Answer:

No, screening is a secondary intervention. Screening helps APNs detect a disease once it is

present and assist and facilitate the patient or population to get care for the disease that has been

detected.

Q: How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? Where

would a NP look to find a screening test? What determines if a screening test should be used?

Answer:

The APN must be knowledgeable and apply standards of care and accepted national clinical

guidelines to advise the individual or population to undergo preventive screening that is age

appropriate and developmentally appropriate. In order to not only understand spread of disease,

but to identify and conduct early prevention and intervention, the APN must be able to find out

who has a disease and who does not. Screening and diagnostic tests are important, but are not

always 100?curate in confirming a diagnosis. How do we distinguish which tests are good to

use? Even if a test identifies a disease, we must ask the following. Is it valid, Is it reliable, is it

cost effective, does it assist us in improving outcomes for the patient (i.e., improved quality of

life, more life years lived, etc.). Screening is not only testing for infectious disease. Screening

guidelines such as routine blood pressure monitoring in patients over a certain age or who carry

risk factors like smoking, obesity, or family history, or even quarterly hemoglobin A1c or yearly

urine micro-albumin measures in patients with diabetes, all come from epidemiological research

on those screening interventions.

Q: Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is it

used?

Answer:

Descriptive epidemiology is the first step in any epidemiology investigation or in analyzing any

health problem from a research perspective. It is sometimes called the natural history of a disease

and begins with defining the differences, similarities, and correlations of key areas of any health

problem. This information is gathered in an active surveillance on a case by case basis where

each specific persons information is entered into a database. In passive surveillance, this

information is pulled from a database. Although you often hear of descriptive epidemiology for

outbreaks, this information is gathered on any (acute or chronic) disease over time to track who

is at risk. The three key areas of information gathered include person, place, and time. It is

needed so that we an change the natural history of disease. How do we improve survival time or

quality of life? How do we cure? How do we prevent? All of this rests in epidemiological

research.

Q: How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aid

evidence-based care?

Answer:

Descriptive epidemiology is the first step in any epidemiology investigation or in analyzing any

health problem from a research perspective. It is sometimes called the natural history of a disease

and begins with defining the differences, similarities, and correlations of key areas of any health

problem. This information is gathered in an active surveillance on a case-by-case basis where

each specific person's information is entered into a database.Successful population-based

approaches depend on the ability to recognize the difference between the collection and use of

data from individuals and populations and the ability to assess needs and evaluate outcomes at

the population level. Several of the more recent theories of causation can be helpful in

determining whether an exposure is causally related to the development of disease. In particular,

calculating the strength of association using statistics is one of several criteria that can be used to

determine causality. However, statistics must be used with caution. Health is a multidimensional

variable: factors that affect health, and that interact to affect health, are numerous. Many

relationships are possible. There are problems inherent in the use of statistics to explain

differences among groups. Although statistics can describe disparities, they cannot explain them.

It is left to the researchers to explain the differences. In addition to statistics, one must also be

aware of the validity and reliability of the data. There are problems associated with the

categorizing and gathering of statistics during the research process that can have an effect on