Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (2023/ 2024 Latest Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review| 100% Correct Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| Week 1-4| Grade A- Chamberlain

Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (2023/ 2024

Latest Update) Advanced Pathophysiology

Review| 100% Correct Complete Guide with

Questions and Verified Answers| Week 1-4|

Grade A- Chamberlain

Q: What is a Hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer:

Hypersensitivity is an inappropriate immune response to an antigen that results in a

pathologic response upon re-exposure.

Q: Hypersensitivity can be classified based upon the source of the antigen against which the

hypersensitivity response is directed. List the three types Allergy

Autoimmunity

Alloimmunity

Answer:

Allergy

a. An allergy is an exaggerated response against innocuous environmental antigens. ie: hay fever,

hemolysis in drug allergies, gluten, & poison ivy.

Autoimmunity

a. Autoimmunity is a misdirected immune response against the host's own cells ie: RA, graves

disease, T1DM or Systemic lupus

Alloimmunity

a. Alloimmunity is an immune response that is mounted against antigens from an individual of

the same species (directed against beneficial foreign tissues). ie: transfusion reactions, organ

rejection or pregnant mom attacking fetus

Q: Alloimmunity diagram review

Answer:

Q: Autoimmunity diagram review

Answer:

Q: Diagram of autoimmune diseases

Q: Allergic contact dermatitis is an example of

Answer:

Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction.

Q: Anaphylaxis is a

Answer:

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

Q: Type I: Allergic Reaction

1. these reactions are mediated by what Ab

2. What is sensitization

Answer:

1.Type I reactions are IgE-mediated allergic reactions.

2.On initial encounter with an allergen, the individual will first produce IgE antibodies. After the

allergen is cleared, the remaining IgE molecules will be bound by mast cells, basophils, and

eosinophils that contain receptors for the IgE molecules.

Q: Type I: Allergic Reaction

What happens with subsequent cross-linking of mast-cell-bound IgE mole- cules by antigen

Answer:

On subsequent exposure to the allergen, the IgE molecules located on the sensitized cells induce

immediate degranulation of Mast cells. This causes the release of inflammatory mediators such

as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins that results in vasodilation, bronchial smooth

muscle contraction, and mucus production.

Q: Type I: Allergic Reaction

Whether this reaction results in a localized or systemic reaction it's important to note

Answer:

Target tissues involved are due mainly to the effects of histamine on the Mast cells found in the

GI tract, skin, and respiratory tract.

Q: Type I: Allergic Reaction

GI allergies are caused primarily by foods (milk, chocolate, citrus

fruits, eggs, wheat, nuts) and involve

Answer:

manifested by vomiting, diarrhea, or ab- dominal pain.

Q: Type I allergic reaction

Skin allergies produce

The underlying mechanism of skin allergies is the localized release of hista- mine and increased

vascular permeability.

Answer:

urticaria (hives) which is character- ized by a wheal-and flare reaction or hay fever

Q: Which of the following assessment findings would be expecte who presents with urticaria?

Answer:

Eosinophilia this is because Mast cell triggers recruitment of eosinophils that cause epithelial

damage

Q: Type I allergic reaction

Mucosa of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract as a target tissue cause Clinical manifestations of:

The underlying mechanism is vasodilation,

hypersecretion of mucus, edema, and swelling of the respiratory mucosa

Answer:

 -

bronchospasm

2) edema

3) thick secretions

Examples include conjunctivitis (eyes), rhinitis (nose), asthma (respiratory tract)

Q: Type 1 reaction review

Q: Type I allergic reaction diagram

Q: Type II hypersensitivity reaction

1. Type II reactions occur due to

2. There are 5 general mechanisms, each of which

begins with antibody binding to tissue-specific antigens or to Ags that have attached to specific

tissue List them

Answer:

1.an AB-Ag reaction destroying a target cell or altering its function. The Ag is found on the

cell's plasma membrane

2.Complement-mediated lysis of cells Phagocytosis by macrophages Neutrophil-mediated

damage

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Receptor blockage

Q: Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Complement-mediated lysis of cells (explain this process)

Answer:

The antibody (IgM

or IgG) reacts with an antigen present on the surface of the target ce