1. What are the main sources and health effects of air pollution? (5 marks)

Answer: The main sources of air pollution are combustion of fossil fuels, industrial

emissions, wildfires, tobacco smoke, and indoor sources such as cooking and heating.

The health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases,

cancer, stroke, and premature death. (Reference: WHO)

2. What are the main types and sources of water pollution? (5 marks)

Answer: The main types of water pollution are chemical, biological, and physical. The

main sources of water pollution are agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater,

industrial effluents, mining activities, oil spills, and marine litter. The health effects of

water pollution include diarrheal diseases, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, and

parasitic infections. (Reference: WHO)

3. What are the main causes and consequences of climate change? (5 marks)

Answer: The main causes of climate change are human activities that increase the

concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as burning fossil fuels,

deforestation, agriculture, and land use changes. The consequences of climate change

include rising temperatures, melting ice caps and glaciers, sea level rise, extreme

weather events, droughts, floods, heat waves, wildfires, biodiversity loss, food

insecurity, water scarcity, and displacement of populations. (Reference: IPCC)

4. What are the main principles and strategies of waste management? (5 marks)

Answer: The main principles of waste management are the waste hierarchy, which

prioritizes prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, and disposal of waste; the

polluter pays principle, which holds that the producer or generator of waste should bear

the cost of its management; and the precautionary principle, which states that

preventive measures should be taken when there is uncertainty about the potential

harm of waste. The main strategies of waste management are source separation,

collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste. (Reference: UNEP)