Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia that has not responded to standard, more traditional treatment. Clozapine is associated with a risk for agranulocytosis and is therefore used only in clients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. must have their WBC and ANC monitored regularly throughout the course of therapy (initially once every week). the health care provider (HCP) immediately if fever or a sore throat develops, as this may indicate an underlying infection from neutropenia. also cause metabolic syndrome (weight gain, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance/diabetes) and seizures. • Weight gain—a baseline height, weight, and waist circumference should be obtained, and a BMI can be calculated • Hyperglycemia—symptoms of hyperglycemia (eg, increased thirst and urination, weakness, increased blood glucose) should be monitored • Dyslipidemia—a lipid profile should be obtained A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel ruptures in the brain and causes bleeding into the brain tissue or subarachnoid space. Seizure activity may occur due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) (Option 3). During the acute phase, a client may develop dysphagia. To prevent aspiration, the client must remain NPO until a swallow function screen reveals no deficits (Option 4). The nurse should perform neurological assessments (eg, level of consciousness, pupillary response) at regular intervals and report any acute changes (Option 5). Preventing activities that increase ICP or blood pressure will minimize further bleeding. The nurse should: • Reduce stimulation, maintain a quiet and dimly lit environment, limit visitors • Administer stool softeners to reduce strain during bowel movements (Option 1) • Reduce exertion, maintain strict bed rest, assist with activities of daily living • Maintain head in midline position to improve jugular venous return to the heart Sulfonylureas (eg, glyburide) stimulate insulin release via the pancreas and carry a risk for severe and prolonged hypoglycemia in the geriatric population due to potential delayed elimination. Avoidance of these drugs is recommended by the Beers Criteria. Instead, other medications that are at lower risk for hypoglycemia should be used (eg, metformin) Nephrotic syndrome, an autoimmune disease, affects children age 2-7 and is characterized by increased permeability of the glomerulus to proteins (eg, albumin, immunoglobulins, natural anticoagulants). Loss of albumin in urine leads to hypoalbuminemia; this causes decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which allows fluid to leak out of the vascular spaces. Reduced plasma volume (hypovolemia) activates kidneys to retain salt and water (renin-angiontensin-aldosterone system). Clients will have generalized edema, weight gain, loss of appetite (from ascites), and decreased urine output. Loss of immunoglobulins makes children susceptible to infection. Treatment typically includes: • Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants (eg, cyclosporine) • Loss of appetite management by making foods fun and attractive • Infection prevention (eg, limiting social interaction until the child is better) Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms resulting from various causes of glomerular injury. Below are the 4 classic manifestations of nephrotic syndrome: • Massive proteinuria – caused by increased glomerular permeability • Hypoalbuminemia – resulting from excess protein loss in the urine • Edema – specifically periorbital and peripheral edema and ascites; caused by low serum protein and albumin as fluid is pulled into interstitial spaces and body cavities • Hyperlipidemia – related to increased compensatory protein and lipid production by the liver Additional symptoms include decreased urine output, fatigue, pallor, and weight gain. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal change nephrotic syndrome, which is generally considered idiopathic. Less common secondary causes may be related to systemic disease or infection, such as glomerulonephritis, drug toxicity, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pica is the abnormal, compulsive craving for and consumption of substances normally not considered nutritionally valuable or edible. Common substancesinclude ice, cornstarch, chalk, clay, dirt, and paper. Although the condition is not exclusive to pregnancy, many women only have pica when they are pregnant. Pica is often accompanied by iron deficiency anemia due to insufficient nutritional intake or impaired iron absorption. However, the exact relationship between pica and anemia is not fully understood. The health care provider would likely order hemoglobin and hematocrit levels to screen for the presence of anemia. Immediate postoperative nursing care focuses on management of the airway, breathing, circulation, bleeding, and pain. Although antiemetic medications are typically administered immediately after surgery to control nausea and vomiting, nausea isstill a common complication caused by anesthetic side effects and decreased gastrointestinal motility. Clients are at high risk for aspiration (and possible asphyxiation) due to their altered level of consciousness, which is caused by anesthesia. Clients reporting nausea should be placed immediately on their side to prevent aspiration of vomit. Postoperative clients are at an increased risk for vomit aspiration due to nausea and an altered level of consciousness (caused by anesthesia). These clients should be placed on their side and should receive antiemetics to prevent potential airway and breathing complications. The needle is inserted between ribs 6 and 7 or 8 and 9 while the client lies supine with the right arm over the head and holding the breath. A full bladder is a concern with paracentesis when a trocar needle is inserted into the abdomen to drain ascites. An empty bladder may aid comfort, but it is not essential for safety. The client must lie on the right side for a minimum of 2-4 hours to splint the incision site. The liver is a "heavy" organ and can "fall on itself" to tamponade any bleeding. The client stays on bed rest for 12-14 hours. Essential nursing actions related to a needle liver biopsy include checking coagulation, blood type, and crossmatch beforehand, positioning the client on the right side for hours afterward, and monitoring vitalsigns and for potentialsigns of shock. Albuterol (Proventil) is a short-acting beta-2 agonist that produces immediate bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles. Bronchodilation decreases airway resistance, facilitates mucus drainage, decreases the work of breathing, and increases oxygenation. Peak flow will improve. The most frequentside effects are tremor, tachycardia, restlessness, and hypokalemia. Following open radical prostatectomy, any rectal interventionssuch as suppositories or enemas must be avoided to prevent stress on the suture lines and problems with healing in the surgical area. The client should not strain when having a bowel movement for these reasons. Central chemoreceptors located in the respiratory center of the brain (medulla) respond to changes in blood carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions by either increasing or decreasing ventilation to normalize the pH. When the receptors sense a low pH (acidosis), ventilation increases to rid the body of excess carbon dioxide; when the receptors sense a high pH (alkalosis), ventilation decreases to retain carbon dioxide. Peripheral chemoreceptors