CC - Chief Complaint Segment - Line between two wave forms P-wave - Atrial Depolarization How many 1mm boxes are in a 6 second Rythm strip? - 30 one millimeter boxes The SA node represents which waveform on the ekg? - Only the P-wave What is the reading you can get from the RR interval? - Ventricular Pulse What is the primary stage of Hemolisis? - Vascular phase and platelet phase together What is Electophoresis? - Analyzation of the chemical components of blood e.g. hemoglobin, serum, urinem cerebrospinal fluid based on electrical charge. Positive testing for occult blood in a stool sample turn which color? - Turns Blue on a positive test for occult blood in feces. The stages of Hemostasis: - 1. Vascular 2. Platelet Phase 3. Coagulation Phase 4. Fibronolysis Blood Vessels - Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, superior and inferior vena cavae. Outer connective tissue layer of a blood vessel - Tunica adventitia Inner endothelial tissue layer of a blood vessel - Tunica Intima The inner smooth layer of a blood vessel - Tunica media The standards of right and wrong in a medical setting - Code of Ethics What do you find in capillaries? - A mixture of venous and arterial blood is found The average adult has how many liters of blood? - 5-6 liters What is the percentage of water in blood? - 92% Percentage of plasma in blood - 55% Percentage of Formed Elements in the blood - 45?% of formed elements in blood - RBC's or Erythrocytes Where you find Hemoglobin - RBC's Where do all blood cells originate? - Bone Marrow How many RBC's per microliter of blood - 4.2-6.2 million What is the second most numerous WBC? - Lymphocyte with 20-40% Their numbers increase in intracellular infections and TB - Monocytes Their numbers increase in bacterial infections and often are first on scene - Neutrophils These WBC's play an important role in viral infection as well as in immunity. - Lymphocytes Number of leukocytes for average adult per micrometer - 5000-10000 Leukopenia - Decrease in WBC's seen with viral infection and leukemia Comprises 3-8% of wbc or leukocytes - Monocytes Largest in size of the leukocytes - Monocytes Carries Histamine - Basophil Injury to a blood vessel that causes it to constrict, slowing the clot of blood - Cascular phase of hemostasis Preferred site for venipuncture - Antecubital fossa Test used to evaluate the intrinsic pathway and monitor heparin therapy - APTT also know as PTT Test used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway and also used to monitor warfarin therapy - PT Fibrinolysis - Breakdown and removal of a clot Converts the temorary platelet plug into a stable fibrin clot - Coagulation phase 2nd choice vein for venipuncture most often the only one palpatable in an obese pt - Cephalic vein Antiseptics used in Phlebodtomy - 70% isopropyl alcohol pads most common, provolone iodine for bc, s and chlorhexidine gluconate for patients that are allergic to betadine/ iodine Length of needle commonly used in venipuncture - 1 ince (up to 1.5") Guage of needle that can cause hemolysis - Smaller than 23 guage Average gauge of needle used for drawing blood - 21-22 3 skills of the phlebotomist - social, clerical, technical Analytical errors during collection of blood - extended tourniquet time, hemolysis, wrong order of draw, failure to invert tubes, faulty technique under filling tubes Analytical errors before collection of blood - Patient misidentification, improper time, wrong tube, not fasting, exercise (cortisol levels), PT posture, poor coordination with other treatments, improper side prep, medication interference Analytical errors after blood collection - Failure to separate serum from cell (glycolisis), improper use of serum separator (not inverting tubes or not spinning tubes) delays in processing, exposure to light, improper storage conditions, dimming clots Fistula - Permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein, never used for venipuncture Edima - Accumulation of fluid in tissue Thrombophlebitis - Inflammation of a vein with a clot formation Explanation of Hemoconcentration - The increase in proportion of formed elements to plasma caused by leaving on the tourniquet for more than two minutes Consequence of insufficient pressure applied after withdrawal of needle - Thrombus additives in green top tube - heparin, sodium, litium, ammonium Why is the green top tube never used for hematology - Green tops additive heparin interferes with the Wright's stained blood test